THE DIRECTION OF FARMING POLICY TOWARD FOOD RESILIENCE IN INDONESIA

Objective: This research aims to analyze the direction of farming policy toward food resilience through subsidy program and maintaining the existence of farmers. Theoretical Framework: As an agrarian state, Indonesia has majority populations living in rural areas with farming being livelihood and rice being main food staple. Therefore, the availability of food material is a very crucial problem. Method: The research methods used was survey on dry-land farmers, secondary data, and documentation of newspaper clipping. Result: The result shows: 1) the farming policy is inhibited by the ever reduced land, 2) subsidy granting has not solved the farmers’ problem yet, the difficulty of finding fertilizer during harvest season and lowered prices during harvest season, and 3) the governmental policy through importing rice does not solve the root of problem in achieving food resilience by making the farmers not prosperous. Implication of Research: The policy is made by government through improving domestic production and importing rice to secure the rice reserve in Perum BULOG. Conclusion: The problems inhibiting the production of food staple are the reduced farming land, the increased population number, and the natural factor. On the other hand, the price of rice goes down during harvest season and import during low season always occurs repeatedly. A commitment of farming policy direction partial to the farmers is required, from upstream to downstream.


INTRODUCTION
Food production is a serious problem due to global climate change and broken distribution and supply chain due to war.Indonesia as an agrarian state has natural resource in the form of adequately wide farmland, but the threat of food crisis will occur when massive land conversion occurs without government's intervention to take preventive measure (https://jkp.ppj.unp.ac.id).Internal and external problems arise.Internal problem includes the conversion of farmland into non-farmland in Indonesia tending to increase.The farmland conversion in the last years reaches 600-1000 ha per year (Dinas pertanian dan pemberdayaan Jawa Tengah [Agricultural and Empowerment Service Office of Central Java], Kompas 2 February 2022).The attempt taken is to boot productivity amid the shrunk farmland.The farmland conversion is due to industrial relocation.
Food resilience problem is still a crucial issue.Indonesia's ability of meeting their populations' need for food keeps decreasing.It is because of the ever increasing number of populations, having reached 270 million people (BPS: 2021).On the other hand, farmland shrinks continuously; about 110,000 ha-wide farming land has been converted for its function annually in the last five years (BPS : 2018).The solution taken is to make policy to keep increasing rice import over years, 1.33 million ton in 2010, and 1.5 million ton in 2015 (BPS : 2015).This condition makes the domestic food supply vulnerable and harms the food resilience stability.Food resilience at least involves five aspects: firstly, fulfilled household and individual needs; secondly, food supply accessible anytime, thirdly, household and individual's access to food, whether physically, socially, or economically; fourthly, nutrition fulfillment; and fifthly, healthy and productive life (Nuhfil Hanaui AR, 2008).In addition, the farmers in Indonesia have a limited access.That is access to financial institution and information leading the farmers to get fertilizer difficultly during planting season and the difficulty of selling the harvest output during harvest season so that the price "decreases dramatically".The factor of inappropriatetarget subsidy given to farmers makes them marginalized.Some types of subsidy remain to be controlled by the government: infrastructural construction including irrigation channel and indirect subsidy grant in the form of rice farming insurance.These attempts are taken to protect the farmers, but they seem to be unfruitful.A more progressive effort is taken through corporation model.President Joko Widodo, in his The fuse of small lands will facilitate tractor, paddy planting and harvesting machines to enter into the farm.This was is an attempt of using cost, time, laborer, and production cost efficiently.
The participation of farmer organizations such as Farmer-Owned Enterprise (Badan Usaha Milik Petani, thereafter called BUMP) can encourage the business to the significant farming progress.The chain of production process to product or output can be implemented through cultivating, storing, and packaging.Thus, the harvest product can be processed into ready-tosell product and the profit can increase (DOI:https://doi.org./10.24857/rgsa.vidng-002Pham Quang Ituy, Vv Kim phuc).
The farming corporation model makes the farming considered not merely a trivialized business but also a prestigious business with the production output (dpr.go.id) that can compete with the business in other sector.Substantial challenges are faced in the development of corporation-farming model, recalling the condition of Indonesian farmers who have worked on the farming land traditional for centuries.An attempt should be taken to grow awareness among the farmers to think of the business frame in order to change the farmers' culture from merely producing to meet daily need to making the farming a more profitable business.Business orientation is still far from their imagination."Farming corporation" orientation instead attracts some employers (investors)' attention, because they are more dominant viewed from both ability and experience.(Small) farmers will face many constraints in entering into corporation system; even it will make them farther away.The example of latest case is the program of creating new farmland (https://perpustakan.bappernas.go.id) as the rice barn in Manokwari Papua that make the local people find food materials such as sago and wild animal difficultly, and even they should but rice as at sufficiently expensive price as their food material.It prevents the people from accessing the need for food materials (Kompas, 14 December 2022).Some states have successfully implemented corporation model: Brazil, Vietnam, and Thailand.But, the model will not automatically be successful when it is developed in Indonesia.Some attempts should be taken to grow awareness among farmers, employers, and government.
Agribusiness-oriented thinking is a big work that involves several elements.Institutionally, the farmer organizations existing such as farmer group and farmer group association (GAPOK TANI) have not developed as expected and they are still inhibited with traditional thinking, focusing on togetherness and thereby, the business-oriented thinking will be less appropriate to implement here.agricultural sector more seriously.The food affair politics in Indonesia becomes very urgent to make the food self-sufficiency come true.Food sovereignty is on the high-priority scale, but the process to go to it faces many constraints: reduced farmland, human (farmer) resource 600-1000 hectare per year (Kompas, 2 February 2023), pest and disease attack, and low sale price of farming product.Government's support is required particularly in the form of commitment to keep maintaining the food material supply that can be implemented through pro-farmer policy (https://core.ac.id ) that become the target of farming development implemented.The strategies of modernizing the farming and switching subsidy directly to the government are an alternative policy that can be applied today to change the old approach pattern through indirect subsidy.In down-stream sector the government tries to improve the price of farming products.
It is intended to improve the farmers' livelihood.Institutionally, the institutional capacity of farmers strengthened through partnership along with the private one with corporation program is expected to improve efficiency and thereby to maximize the profit.
Indonesian farmers are identical with rural populations, in which farming becomes basic livelihood.The farming census in 2013 showed that 26.1 million households work in all sectors and 17.7 million in food plant subsector, and most of them are smallholder farmers.It has been a public secret that rural people socially and economically are connoted with the ones having lower prosperity level than the rural people with added income of farmers.The common problem portraying the rural people as the marginal group will keep inherent to some rural people.The low bargaining position of rural people identical with farmers is indicated with access and asset they have.The low asset is indicated with land mastery below 0.5 ha, and 80% of Indonesian farmers belong to small-scale farmer (Kompas, 4 February 2023).This condition increases the burden the farmer household should assume in funding the continuously increasing production cost (https://www.pertanian.go.id ), while the income of harvest is relatively stagnant.Due to "ijon" harvesting (selling before harvesting) system, the farmers cannot sell their harvest product according to market mechanism and thereby the farmers' wellbeing level is relatively stagnant.The cash subsidy given directly to the farmer is expected to reduce the farmers' need for production cost and to enable them to have time to save their harvest product longer between the seasons (Rahayu, S.E, 2011).The farmers can raise their bargaining position and ensure their income improvement because they are not suppressed with the decreasing harvest price.On the other hand, this condition can improve the farmers' 6 motivation to keep existent and to increase production so that the food resilience will improve (https://ppnp.e-journal.id).
This condition builds on the farmers' lower income level indicating the decrease.In addition to the ownership of farmland width (majority less than 0.5 ha), the farmers should assume the increase in production cost, harvest failure, and uncertain price of farming commodities (tending to decrease in great harvest).Farmers and farm workers have not lived prosperously yet and they become the most marginal group in the national agricultural and economic structure.Farming sector is getting more uninteresting and abandoned (Kompas,4 Sept 2017).per month.This rate is much lower than the minimum wage of Cirebon Regency this year, IDR 1.723 million (Kompas, 4 September 2017).Thus, without governmental intervention the farmers' wellbeing level will always be marginalized and farmer profession will be less interesting to young generation.Governmental intervention can be a real policy urgent to implement through direct subsidy at upstream level and maintaining price stability by instructing Bulog to absorb the grain produced effectively up to down-stream level.
Governmental intervention through policy product leading to the protection of farming A comprehensive policy is required in managing national rice.The role of Perum Bulog should be maintained with some preconditions: the flexibility of highest retail pricing for upper and lower margin interval ranges should be adjusted with the real condition, meaning that the range between upper and lower margin should wider.On the other hand, the government's "good will" is required to prioritize farming and farmers through making "pro-farmer" policy, protecting farmland, providing and improving production facilities, and maintaining market price stability.The food resilience policy is not merely rhetoric.The consistency of regulation execution related to farming should be monitored up to regency level and not ego-sectoral in nature.Data released by Directorate General of Crop of the Ministry of Agriculture states that largest stock of rice is 610,632 ton, found in 24 provinces costing IDR 9,359 -IDR.2,985, and this figure does not match the Bulog's data (Kompas, 6 December 2022).The subsidy to the farmers should be appropriate-target and incentive should be given directly to the farmers, such as tax relief, seed and fertilizer subsidy in cash etc.
On the other hand, the domestic consumers' needs based on farming sector are also encounter scarce.It is because the domestic farming production cannot fulfill the domestic consumption need.The policy taken by the government is to import farming products.The dependency on the import of farming products can be actually dealt with by reinforcing the domestic production.The opportunity should be given to the farming in Indonesia, of course, through pro-farmer policies.The farming policy in Indonesia so far gives limited space for the farming sector to grow and develop, for example: scarce basic material, support to farming technology (https://www.pertanian.go.id ), and farmers stressed due to the falling-down price of farming commodity during harvest season.This connection will make the farmers on difficult and marginal position.The import policy is difficult to avoid, and this condition is disadvantageous to the farmers.The dramatically decrease of rice price in the harvest season in late 2021 occurred because of BULOG's lower absorbability, and the opening of rice importing faucet.Ironically, the rice importing policy has generated both pro-import regulation to secure the rice stock and counter-import regulation recalling that it will lead the basic price of grain to decrease, and the farmers do not benefit much.
Farmer and farming conditions aforementioned make the farming a less interesting job The attention to farmers regarding the four matters aforementioned is not prioritized in Indonesia.Firstly, the government does not appreciate the farmers; it can be seen from the price of farming product often decreasing during harvest season.Secondly, the government does not give the farmers the composed feeling because the farmers always worry with the scarcity of fertilizer during planting season.Thirdly, the government does not protect the farmers but it instead makes a policy to import farming product with an excuse to maintain the price stability, and in fact the import policy is always followed with the dramatical decrease in the basic price of grain.Fourthly, it will make the farmers poor.Although there are many variables affecting the farmers' wellbeing but the main variable is the availability of basic material, infrastructure, appropriate-target subsidy, and technology support and price stability to improve the farmers' wellbeing.
The phenomenon of improved performance in farming sector during pandemic era proves that the farmers in Indonesia have better resistance.Such moment should be maintained, and the decrease in the import of farming products from foreign country can be utilized to boost

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A breakthrough is needed to deal with various constraints the farmers face, particularly through making innovation.However, the fact shows that the farmers have low asset including narrow land and limited business capital.This condition makes the farmers incapable of utilizing an opportunity of improving the farming output.Similar condition occurs in Pusporenggo Village, Musuk Sub District, Boyolali Regency, Central Java, in which the farmers cannot restrain from selling their corn production for 1 to 2 weeks to get higher selling price and instead they will sell it to the middleman before the harvest (ijon system), because of their urgent daily need and the obligation to repay their loan to buy fertilizer during planting season.

CONCLUSION
Some attempts should be taken to develop modern farming, from fertilizer and seed administering process, planting process using expedient technology, and output or farming product management accessible to the market.Nevertheless, the attention should also be paid to existence of majority traditional farmers with limited ability, viewed from skill, land ownership, and information access by considering local wisdom to maintain the existence of farmers through improving the farmers' wellbeing, called pro-farmer farming system.The government should provide appropriate-target subsidy and give it directly to the farmers in cash.
The policy of protecting the farmland from land conversion is expected to maintain and to improve the rice productivity and thereby the food resilience can be achieved, and no rice importing policy is necessary.The rice importing policy conducted so far generates pros and cons, because it basically makes the farmers less protected and generates a problem related to price stability, and thereby makes the farmers always on marginal position.Indonesia's geographic condition enables its farming and farmers to go forward.It, of course, needs commitment within the government through its pro-farmer policy.Through the existing instrument, the farmers can make the farming and the farmers prosperous.
scientific oration for the open session to celebrate the 54 th anniversary of Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB or Bogor Farming Institute), stated that through consolidating the farmers, they can have large-scale economic ability.Consolidation can be realized by involving farmers in the The Direction of Farming Policy Toward Food Resilience in Indonesia ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.8 | p.1-13 | e08420 | 2024.4 corporation.The consolidation in a corporation will enable the mechanization to run effectively.
The direction of farming policy and strategy (https://ejournal.uniramalang.ac.id) indicates reorientation, despite no fundamental change shown substantially.Statistic data shows The Direction of Farming Policy Toward Food Resilience in Indonesia ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.8 | p.1-13 | e08420 | 2024.5 21.1 million households work in agricultural sector.It indicates that farming is still on the highest rank for Indonesian populations.Such condition is worsened by the fact that the farming production output (rice) becomes the food staple.It makes Indonesian government develops Furthermore, Kompas Team reports that with 0.5-ha wide land, it is difficult for the farmers to fulfill their life needs.The farmers invest at least IDR 7 million.With the harvest output of 2-3 ton and harvested dry grain assuming to cost IDR 4,000 per kilogram, the farmers will obtain gross income of IDR 8 million -12 million.It means that they have profit of IDR 1 million -IDR 5 million per 4 months (one harvest season) or at most IDR 1.25 million per month.This rate is much lower than the minimum wage of Cirebon Regency this year, IDR 1.723 million.Farming sector (A) along with manufacture (M) and trading (S) sectors are the main pillars supporting gross domestic product.Farming also becomes the sector absorbing the largest number of workers following manufacture and trading sectors.The annual growth of farming sector is always below that of national economy, while the Farmers' Exchanging Value (NTP) as the indicator keeps decreasing during January-August 2017 compared to that in the same period in the previous year.NTP is the comparison between price index accepted by the farmers with the price index paid by the farmers.The price index paid by the farmers involves all aspects of farmer household expenditure.NTP below 100 means that the farmers suffering from loss.It is interesting for both old generation and moreover young generation.The problem of lower farmer wellbeing makes the farming sector not promising the hope.Without the improved farmer wellbeing, the farming sector will be abandoned.Therefore, a prohttps//doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.vidng-006N. Putu Sukanteni, putu Fajar Kartika lestari, I Gusti Ayu Diah Yuriati, I Made Temba -0644).2METHODThis research used descriptive qualitative approach.This research attempts to describe, to analyze, and to interpret why the farmers' classical problem in Indonesia is always faced with the repeated problem concerning market price, inadequate production device and ever decreasing farmland, as well as the less interesting farming to young generation and the policy impartial to the farmers such as rice import.This research used literature study, survey, and field interview,3 RESULT DISCUSSIONIndonesia's food resilience index, according to Global security index 2019, is less than 50, occupying the 62 nd position out of 113 states (Bagus Herwibawa: Kompas 28 September 2020).This condition is proportional inversely to Indonesia's address as an agrarian state.It makes the farmers' wellbeing stagnant and decreasing, and finally the farming sector becomes the significant contributor to poverty.The farmers have less than 0.5 ha-wide land.For those with less than 0.5 ha-wide land, it is difficult to fulfill their life needs because it takes at least IDR 7 million to produce 2-3 ton harvested dry grain with assumed price of IDR 4,000/kg, the farmers will obtain gross income of IDR 8 million -12 million.It means that they have profit of IDR 1 million -IDR 5 million per 4 months (one harvest season) or at most IDR 1.25 million is raised through Presidential Regulation (Perpres) No.59 of 2019 about the determination of sustainable crop farmland (LP2B) aiming to protect the rice farmland to support the National Food Need and to empower the farmers at implementation level that should run effectively to prevent the rice farmland from being converted into non-farmland.The implementation of Perpres No. 59 of 2019 has verified 20 provinces in Indonesia and decided the protected rice farmland in 2021.The controlling policy by this function of farmland is a breakthrough policy in the attempt of maintaining the national food resilience to produce paddy as the food staple The Direction of Farming Policy Toward Food Resilience in Indonesia ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.8 | p.1-13 | e08420 | 2024.8 (Ismariny, 2019).Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that Indonesian farming is very vulnerable to natural disaster and climate change that can harm the food production output at home.To anticipate this, the government through Work Creation Law brings a change to open the Food Import faucet.The policy of importing 200 thousand ton of rice up to the end of 2022 is intended to strengthen the national rice reserve by "BULOG", indicating that the independent National rice need fulfillment still becomes a recurrent problem.Dilemma in maintaining food resilience is affected by a condition in which the variable of food staple supply is affected by such factors as harvest failure due to climate change leading to the decreasing food stock and the increasing price.Therefore, the import policy should be made.Import is a policy instrument to maintain food stock and price stability.Import policy is something difficult, because food resilience is perceived to be the availability of food stock to fulfill the domestic consumption need through delegating BULOG.In running its function of absorbing the farmers' harvest output, BULOG is often restricted by the regulation of highest retailing price (HET) and competition with (private) traders.The regulation about the requirement of rice quality increases the difficulty found by BULOG in absorbing the harvested dry grain maximally.The target imposed to Perum Bulog to absorb the farmers' harvested dry grain of 1.2 million ton up to late 2022 is difficult to achieve, recalling the limited harvest in low season or waiting for the harvest output in planting season up to February 2023.Considering this number, Perum Bulog is expected to invest market and to deal with emergency situation such as natural disaster.The rice availability in Perum Bulog per 1 December 2022 reaches 512.000 ton.Such a big stock is powerful enough to invest the market.Without rice stock managed by BULOG, the stock will predictably go down continuously to 400,000 ton in the end of year.The emergency solution taken by Perum BULOG is to make import policy (Kompas, 6 December 2022 p.1).The issue of food self-sufficiency in Indonesia never ends as there is still a confusion to choose one out of two options: to import rice or to meet the rice need through domestic production.The data of Directorate General of Crop Plant of Agricultural Ministry never matches the result of research conducted by the field research team of BULOG, and thereby it leads to the chaotic national rice problem (https://www.neliti.com)..The interest in absorbing domestic production to prevent the farmers from being harmed due to the felling-down process during great harvest not followed with the government's policy or commitment to increase the food stock through BULOG's absorption.In contrast, during low season, the food stock The Direction of Farming Policy Toward Food Resilience in Indonesia ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.8 | p.1-13 | e08420 | 2024.9 decreases in BULOG, and emergency policy is made by opening the import faucet with an excuse to maintain stock and price stability.

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https://jurnal.unej.ac.id ) and doing job as a farmer is a choice due to compulsion.Gafar Sapuan in his article entitled "pertanian dan petani terpinggirkan (farming and farmer are marginalized) (Kompas: 29-9-2020 p.7) stated that having farmland instead becomes burden The Direction of Farming Policy Toward Food Resilience in Indonesia ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.8 | p.1-13 | e08420 | 2024.10 because finding independent laborers is difficult, and pest and disease often attack, while PBB (Land and Building Tax) should be pay continuously.Eventually, the farmers are marginalized due to the low income received by the farmers.This condition is supported by non-pro-farmers farming policy, in which farmers and farming are not prioritized, that can make the farmer an interesting profession and improve the farmers' wellbeing.Thus, the farmers' dignity and prestige will be expectedly lifted.It is actually not a complicated problem to Indonesia, because this state geographically has very fertile land recalling that land is the basic factor of farming activity.There should be a change of paradigm putting the farmers' interest on the first and main position, by developing concept of appreciating farmers, giving the comfortable feeling, protecting and even making the farmer rich.
the consumption of domestic products, particularly domestic farming products.The worry about the starvation is not proven because the farmers keep working during pandemic and the farming productivity is fairly good.The farmers also maintain and take care of farmland and urge the government to take real action.The protection of fertile farmland should be implemented immediately.The Law No. 4 of 2009 about sustainable land should be implemented and firm sanction should be imposed to those infringing it.The narrowing farm land has a serious implication to the food resilience.Although the attempt of opening new farmland is being promoted, particularly out of Java Island, the new farmland extension program will take a long process.The Direction of Farming Policy Toward Food Resilience in Indonesia ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.8 | p.1-13 | e08420 | 2024.