BUILDING PERFORMANCE STRATEGY TO ACHIEVE THERMAL COMFORT ON POST-DISASTER DESIGN

Purpose : This study is a development of previous studies that focused on testing building performance from the aspect of building comfort. A house is a place to live that is used daily that must meet the needs of the occupants' thermal comfort which is greatly influenced by environmental and building conditions, such as natural lighting, air flow, and thermal performance as well as the conditions of the building's orientation layout and space openings. To determine the thermal performance of a building, it is necessary to conduct several analyses of several parameters of air temperature, air circulation and thermal conditions that occur in buildings in several conditions of building layout or orientation and openings made. Theoretical reference : Adaptive buildings are buildings that have adaptation to external environmental conditions, occupant needs and building operational conditions with the aim of increasing energy efficiency, comfort and sustainability. These adaptive buildings are able to provide a more comfortable environment, flexible and efficient space by maximizing natural ventilation and using building materials that function as insulation against temperature and solar radiation. Method : To determine the thermal comfort conditions of the building, it is necessary to conduct several tests on several parameters, such as natural lighting, air flow, and thermal performance using several analyzes such as solar analysis, air movement analysis and thermal analysis of the planned building prototype with several alternative building orientations. To test the thermal performance of the building, solar analysis and thermal analysis are carried out using Revit-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Results and Conclusions : The results of the study showed that the influence of building orientation and opening placement patterns will produce several different thermal performances. And


INTRODUCTION
This research is a series of research by the author related to post-disaster houses in order to obtain comprehensive results from designs that are appropriate and can be applied to geographic conditions, community character and local climate conditions.This is done with the aim of making the post-disaster house design a residence that can be lived in comfortably by disaster victims The design process is cultivating critical and creative thinking skills to develop ideas and design ideas.The design process is carried out through design projects in studio classes that integrate various knowledge and skills.
According to Zuhri et al. (2022) that "planning needs and spatial programs carried out through analysis of the activities of disaster victims while in evacuation sites to obtain basic needs for their functions and characteristics.The needs of the basic functions that they perform can be carried out to determine the minimum basic area for each basic activity that is usually carried out in activities in the house", and "adaptive building planning as one of the strategies to provide decent housing for them and can be developed for comfort disasters home pasca-bencana for their family".
So Abe et al. (2018) stated that "participatory methods are effective in increasing people's awareness of the risks that will remain in their lives".
The house is expected to be a functional, comfortable, safe and environmentally friendly building, so "comfort, especially thermal comfort, is one of the main goals in architectural design, and thermal comfort can be achieved with passive cooling strategies" (Ghassan et al., 2021, p.1-2).Several studies state that thermal comfort depends on several climate variables, such as radiation and sunlight, air temperature, air movement and air humidity, as well as several components of space users, such as clothing and type of activity (Pamungkas et al., 2020, p.90-92).
Study location at Candipuro village area, Lumajang, East Java, Indonesia.That's an area which often experiences volcanic eruptions which damage their homes and residences, and this area is used as a study location in implementing building prototypes that the author has produced in previous research, according to Figure 1.
Source: Unitar-Unosat, 2021 The prototype post-disaster residential house building used as a research case is a building that has a building area measuring 6.00 m' x 4.8 m' or 28.80 square meters, as shown in Figure 2. The space requirements developed in this post-disaster building prototype were developed to meet the minimum basic needs of building occupants according to several design criteria and dimensions of space requirements, as shown in Table 1.(2016) emphasize that the most crucial building performance criteria are thermal comfort, based on annual energy needs and the availability of sunlight.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
According to Mokrzecka explanation (2018) said that "research on building design greatly affects to the energy needs almost of 30-40% and the influence of the dominant form of ensure all performance is met, then an integrated building design is needed to get a prototype design optimal.

SIMULATION PROCEDURE
As explained by Sibyan & Asnawi (2018), the use of thermal performance simulations can be carried out using several standard applications in the world of architecture, such as Autodesk Revit, Energy Plus, and others.Even Mokrzecka (2018) and Rabbani (2019) emphasize that the geometric shape, opening pattern and orientation of the building will also influence thermal consumption in the building.Abul et al. (2014) said that the level of insulation, infiltration and lighting will influence the thermal behavior in the building.Next, Wibawa et al. (2021) emphasized the use of solar analysis to carry out thermal behavior analysis based on geometric shapes to find and follow up on the best design recommendations.
The use of this CFD plugin device is used to simulate the dynamics of air movement in a room, as well as to predict the performance of air movement, whether it is influenced by the characteristics of the location of openings in building walls using building characteristic data as above.And this CFD analysis will produce various types of data, such as speed, pressure and temperature outside and inside the room according to the characteristics of the geometric shape and building materials.This is done to predict how much influence the geometric shape and layout of openings in a building can influence air velocity conditions and indoor temperature, and their influence on thermal behavior in the building.
To optimize all performance criteria that must be met to achieve thermal comfort, Mokrzecka (2018)  9 application to obtain optimal design solutions through several alternative simulations.Figure prototype post-disaster house building modeling using sketchup studio software as below, as in Figure 3.

Figure 3
The building prototype that has been produced using sketchup studio softwa is used as a discussion for simulation Then the determination of the face characteristics of the walls, openings and roof coverings to be well identified, and determine the setting of the location of the object and orientation of the building, which will affect the exposure of sunlight and wind in the building.
The following is the process of evaluating thermal performance obtained from the results of thermal simulations By using a dashboard analysis of energy use and thermal analysis, whether the design parameters are able to optimize thermal performance in buildings.As Oumarou et al. (2021, p.100-105) that "building orientation is one of the most important factors affecting the energy consumption" and "in order to access the influence of the orientation on the thermal behavior of the building, a comparison of the interior comfort was made for different orientations of the same building".Asserted by Mokrzecka (2018, p.2) that "..... in conducting performance evaluations it is necessary to take into account various inputs, including building orientation, window opening and wall material", and "..... continued thermal optimization based on the results of the thermal performance evaluation using the analysis tab to produce and evaluate the scenario made in the design".10

METHODOLOGY
This research method is to carry out thermal and wind testing on a prototype building that has been designed using the skethup application, where thermal testing is carried out using the autodesk revit application with a combination of lighting analysis and solar analysis applications.Meanwhile, wind simulation that using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).
As Primanti et al. (2019, p. 49) said that daylight simulation is an analysis used in building design to assess the amount and quality of natural light that enters the space through windows or openings.
At the first step, that's making modeling of post-disaster buildings was carried out using sketchup software, then determining the setting of objects, building orientation, and determining the characteristics of wall faces, openings and roof coverings.Furthermore, the use of CFD plugin devices is carried out by a simulation of the dynamics of air movements in the space, as well as to predict the performance of air movement according to the characteristics of the location of the opening on the building wall.And the next evaluation of thermal performance obtained from the results of thermal simulations using the dashboard using the analysis of energy and thermal analysis.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Environmental conditions for affected communities will be very worrying, they will be gathered in temporary shelters which of course have many limitations in providing facilities for them, both in terms of comfort, health, limited space, availability of sanitation facilities, and even privacy issues.
The expected demand from this residential design is that it can function as a home for disaster victim families so that they can live in it properly and in accordance with their needs, as well as fulfilling basic comfort needs as a place to live.Apart from that, in the process of providing the building, it must be able to provide the building quickly and there is no need to follow the standard construction patterns that are currently known which take quite a long time to build, and of course it is safe to live in.
The design programming process carried out by students is carried out in stages, including analyzing the function and needs of the space, organizing the space and preparing the space program.To understand space more deeply, a precedent study was carried out on other post-disaster building cases to understand the space needs that often arise and more effective and efficient shape typologies in terms of function, materials and technology that have been used previously.The basic conception of space that students have achieved can be seen in Figure 4.

Figure 4
Building plan and spatial organization of post-disaster building prototypes The spaces that have been formed based on the basic concept are then adapted to the basic space and structure modules that will be developed to make it easier to arrange the floor and wall areas based on the use of local building materials.Harmonizing the shape, structure and materials of the building according to the environment in which it is formed, this design idea is focused on the context of efficiency and adaptation to today's materials.

CLIMATE CONDITIONS
Climate is characterized as human comfort which includes meteorological components, such as air temperature, air speed, humidity, solar radiation and others.The environment of Candipuro, Lumajang, is an area with a humid tropical climate with the characteristics of a rainy season which tends to be hot, humid and cloudy, and a dry season which is usually warm and partly cloudy, and sunlight which is generally strong throughout the year with varying air movement conditions according to Figure 5.  13 From figure 6 above, it is illustrated that determining wind direction is based on the amount of wind speed that can be seen in one year, where the most dominant direction of wind movement comes from the east and south.This direction of air movement is used as the basis for carrying out the wind simulation process.

WIND SIMULATION
Simulation results of air movement in buildings according to the geometric shape of the building and the layout of windows in the building area to describe the patterns and characteristics of air movement inside and outside the building space.
With several different building orientation variables, several characteristics of air movement behavior in space arise.From the analysis, it is found that there is a relationship between window layout and the behavior and air velocity in the room in several alternative building orientations that have been tested, according to Figure 7.In the window layout on the front and rear facade with the shape of the building geometry that has an area of 28.80 m2 it is stated that the position of the building orientation of the western and east direction is obtained by the Average DF 2.7% and 2.4% in the large part of the space (81%).Assuming that the acquisition of sunlight that is considered good between range of 2-5% then  The thermal performance simulation results, according to Figure 9, show that the solar radiation received by the building envelope in each alternative is 206 kWh with an area exposed to the sun of 272 m2 marked in green.And from the thermal performance readings, it is 0.76 kWh/m2 or it is said that the heat produced by solar radiation causes heat generation within the building envelope of 0.76 kW/m2 in each alternative building orientation.Taking into consideration that the thermal transfer value of the building envelope must not exceed 35 W/m2 (SNI 6389:2020), to increase the heat absorption capacity so that it does not enter the space, a building wall envelope made from a metal frame with a thickness of 10 cm with air cavities is used.The inside has the ability to withstand the flow of heat from outside into the building.

CONCLUSION
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that from several simulation results it is said that the orientation of the building and the pattern of placement of openings in the building walls will produce several different thermal performances.That the building prototype has the following characteristics: ✓ Functional aspects have resulted in good performance of natural lighting and air movement performance; ✓ Air movement (wind) has been distributed evenly in the space functions required for activities and cross ventilation with air speeds in the range of 7.5m/second, and air movement in the space appears to be evenly distributed in the space; ✓ The placement of windows as openings in the walls has resulted in sufficient distribution of natural lighting with an ADF range of 2-5% and the space exposed to natural light is quite spacious and even; ✓ The building design form with several alternative building orientations produces a thermal performance of 0.76 kWh/m2, meaning that the building prototype form produces thermal performance capable of providing solar radiation protection so that the heat received by the wall surface does not spread to the inner wall surface.

Figure 2
Figure 2 Design prototype : (a) Floor plan form and order; and (b) 3-dimensional representation of the building prototype building building is influenced only by orientation and shape".EvenBoubekri et al. (2020) that as a residential building, residential spaces are effective spaces and are used in daily activities and are felt by the most sensitive residents.ConfirmedKonis et al. (2016) if the most important building performance criteria are thermal comfort based on the annual energy needs and the availability of sunlight.2.1 THERMAL COMFORT Comfort is the condition of subjective feelings felt by the human body based on comprehensive environmental factors, with the explanation of Misbach et al. (2022) that the Building Performance Strategy to Achieve Thermal Comfort on Post-Disaster Design ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.7 | p.1-19 | e08397 | 2024.7 thermal sensation conditions are significantly related to human thermal comfort and the target environment, and this is confirmed by Arouk et al. (2016) and Ghassan et al. (2021) that this psychological thermal condition is influenced by a microclimate or a certain thermal environmental history that will affect the physical and psychological factors that affect the thermal comfort of the human body.Elshafei et al. (2021) and Chaloeytoy et al. (2024) also emphasizes the response to environmental factors including air temperature, wind speed, lighting, energy and thermal comfort.To optimize building performance in response to environmental climate characteristics can be done by adapting environmental factors, and Elshafei et al. (2021) such as air temperature, wind speed, and lighting sourced from sunlight.Thermal comfort is a crucial requirement in building design to ensure indoor air quality.As noted by Darvish et al. (2020) and Oumarou et al. (2021), the comfort of a space is essential for enhancing the productivity and health of its occupants.Comfort is a subjective feeling perceived by the human body based on comprehensive environmental factors.Misbach et al. (2022) explained that thermal sensation conditions are significantly related to human thermal comfort and the built environment.This is further confirmed by Arouk et al. (2016) and Ghassan et al. (2021), who state that these psychological thermal conditions are influenced by the microclimate or the thermal history of a specific environment, affecting both the physical and psychological factors that contribute to human thermal comfort.Elshafei et al. (2021 and Chaloeytoy et al. (2024) also emphasize the response to environmental factors, including air temperature, wind speed, lighting, energy, and thermal comfort.In a humid tropical region, according to Chaloeytoy et al. (2024, p.2-3) that the characteristics of thermal comfort have different parameters.The thermal comfort of residence in Malaysia has a neutral air temperature of 26.4 o C with a comfortable temperature range between 25.3-28.2o C.Even Oumarou et al. (2021, p.100-101) that confirms if there is a relationship between building orientation and energy performance in buildings, his research in semi-dry tropical regions shows that the orientation criteria that the best orientation is found in southern orientation and optimal orientation is obtained from 30 o azimuth to 15° in west azimuth orientation.Some other strategies suggested by Bakmohammadi & Noorzai (2020) and Zhu et al.(2020) are trying to optimize building design based on the thermal influence of the annual environment, energy needs, and thermal comfort by controlling several design parameters, such as space or building size, shape building geometry, and opening variations.Even Hong et al. (2019) emphasized that the characteristics of the form of building facade will affect the infiltration of wind (openings) and characteristics of the facade material.Even when evaluating Building Performance Strategy to Achieve Thermal Comfort on Post-Disaster Design ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.7 | p.1-19 | e08397 | 2024.8 thermal performance, Hong et al. (2019) and Darvish et al. (2020) need to take into account the characteristics of the form of facade, air infiltration into space.Guo et al. (2015) is said to be a building design that emphasizes natural ventilation in order to increase thermal comfort, it is necessary to respond to the natural context and the local geographical environment.Even Pamungkas et al. (2020) asserted that natural control or thermal conditioning is an effective way to support environmental sustainability.With the condition of the location of the research with tropical climates, such as Lumajang, East Java, Indonesia, Zuhri et al. (2023) and Nie et al. (2016) explained that the abundance of sunlight that occurred throughout the year would have various consequences, such as environmental temperature high and the risk of excessive sun exposure that will cause more heat energy that affects the building or enter the building, even Nwanya et al. (2016) To

BuildingFigure 5
Figure 5Monthly air speed data at location is used as air speed data in wind simulations on building prototypes

Figure 6
Figure 6Kecepatan udara per-bulan Monthly air direction data at location is used as air speed data in wind simulations on building prototypes

Figure 7
Figure 7 Wind flow patterns and characteristics in space with several building orientations alternatives, as (a) west, (b) south, (c) east, and (d) north
Figure 8.(b) and Figure 8.(c) have a large enough space has a fairly good natural lighting quality and alternative Figure 8.(b) has a natural lighting quality greater than 2.7%.While alternatives Figure 8.(a) and Figure 8.(d) have less space than other alternatives, or only reach an area Figure 8.(a) 78% and Figure 8.(d) 77%.Alternative Figure 8.(b) is able to provide optimal natural lighting because the placement of the window allows the entry of sunlight into the building without a barrier.4.5 THERMAL SIMULATIONSimulation results of the building's thermal performance which takes into account several dynamic variables of the surrounding environment and building characteristics with several alternative building orientations to obtain the pattern and characteristics of the building's thermal performance, as shown in Figure9.

Figure 9
Figure 9 Thermal performance in space with several alternative building orientations, such as: (a) west facade, (b) south facade, (c) east facade, and (d) north facade.

Table 1
Spatial requirements, performance and dimension Boubekri et al. (2020)023)Quality of a space is significantly influenced by its performance quality, particularly in terms of effectively enhancing the comfort experienced by its occupants.According toElshafei   et al. (2021, p.2), said that "that achieved thermal comfort is built to minimize any harmful impact in running buildings that improve the occupants for indoor air quality indoor".Boubekri et al. (2020)further assert that, as a residential building, living spaces must be effective and utilized in daily activities, as they are most sensitively perceived by the occupants.Konis et al.

Table 2
Results of measuring the daylight value (DF) of the room in daylight simulation