PSYCHOLOGICAL, SUBJECTIVE AND SOCIAL WELL-BEING OF VICTIMS OF THE ARMED CONFLICT IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF CHALÁN – SUCRE (COLOMBIA)

Objective: To describe the level of psychological, social and subjective well-being in victims of the armed conflict in the municipality of Chalán. Theoretical Framework: Mental health includes psychological, subjective and social well-being. Psychological well-being encompasses the satisfaction and optimal functioning of the individual. Subjective well-being refers to the perception of quality of life and personal satisfaction. Social well-being assesses the perception of social functioning and social context, including social integration and contribution. Method : A quantitative approach was adopted with a descriptive non-experimental cross-sectional cohort design. The participants were 75 victims of the armed conflict. The following scales were used: Ryff's Psychological Well-Being, Keyes' Social Well-Being and Sánchez Cánovas' Subjective Psychological Well-Being. Results and Discussion : 56% of the participants reflect a deficit in their psychological well-being, 36% are at a standard level and only 8% are at a high level, in line with research on victims of the armed conflict in Colombia. The 46.6% evaluate their subjective well-being negatively, while 57.3% evaluate it positively, highlighting the complex interaction between traumatic experiences and current satisfaction. 88% present a deficit in their social well-being. Research implications: The results have direct implications for the formulation of policies and intervention programs aimed at improving the comprehensive well-being of victims of the armed conflict. Originality/value: It lays the foundation for future research and practices focused on similar contexts, expanding knowledge and improving interventions in conflict and post-conflict situations globally .


INTRODUCTION
The armed conflict in Colombia represents one of the most complex and protracted social challenges in the country's history.This covers a wide range of situations, from civil wars to ethnic and regional conflicts, characterized by the use of armed force with a view to achieving political, economic and power objectives (Hernández, 2016).These events often leave a trail of destruction and human suffering, with consequences that endure long after the weapons have been silenced (López-López, 2017).Its impact is evident in various areas, such as social, political, economic, and physical and mental health (López et al., 2020), generating effects on the integral well-being of the civilian population (Tamayo-Agudelo & Bell, 2019).
Mental health is one of the most affected areas, studies have documented complications in both psychological health and interpersonal relationships and psychosocial well-being (Cudris-Torres et al., 2019;Sánchez Acosta et al., 2019;Castañeda y Camargo, 2018;Bernal et al., 2024).In the context of these confrontations, victims are exposed to a series of psychological and social traumas that profoundly impact their mental health (López et al., 2022;Peevey et al., 2022).In addition, they face significant challenges to rebuild their lives and recover a sense of lost well-being (García, 2020).
The study of well-being in this context has become a crucial topic within psychology and other related disciplines, with the aim of understanding the effects of armed conflict on the mental health and social functioning of the people affected (Anaya et al., 2020;Garzón-Velandia et al., 2020), understanding that this has left emotional, psychological and social consequences on the victims, as well as on their families and society as a whole (Salazar, 2011;Hernández, 2016.;Venegas et al., 2017;Castañeda and Camargo, 2018;bo et al., 2018;Tamayo Agudelo and Bell, 2019;Barchelot Aceros et al., 2023;Pabón-Poches et al., 2024), which has had an impact on interpersonal relations, the social fabric and community development ( Martinez-Santana et al., 2020;López-López et al., 2022).4 Therefore, the objective of this work is to describe the level of psychological, social and subjective well-being in victims of the armed conflict of the municipality of Chalán; in order to contribute to the existing gap in the subject and to the low production in the scientific literature with similar study variables.

MENTAL HEALTH FROM A WELL-BEING PERSPECTIVE
The World Health Organization has considered health ( 2004) as "a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being, and not only the absence of disease or disability" (p.7), in this sense, mental health has been considered as the state of three well-being: psychological, subjective and social (Keyes 2005).

Psychological well-being
It refers to the general state of satisfaction and psychological functioning of an individual, encompassing aspects such as positive self-perception, the ability to manage stress and emotions, as well as the presence of satisfying social relationships.Keyes (2005) identifies two main dimensions: emotional, which includes the experience of positive and negative emotions, and psychological, which refers to the optimal functioning of the individual in terms of self-realization and personal growth.
Psychological well-being focuses on personal development, how to face life challenges and the effort of people to achieve their goals, as well as on the assessments that individuals make of their circumstances and functioning in society (Díaz et al., 2006).It also includes selfperception, the ability to manage life and the environment effectively, the quality of relationships and belief in the meaning and meaning of life through a vital project (Ryff, 1995).

Subjective Wellbeing
It refers to the general analysis that people make about their life opportunities, social and personal resources, their individual skills, the course of events they face and the emotional response they experience as a result of it (Veenhoven, 1994).In this sense, it is related to the way in which people perceive their quality of life, their level of functioning, and their degree of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the lifestyle they lead.These perceptions are based on the cognitive judgments and emotional responses experienced by each individual (Keyes, 2005).
Within this dimension, three main components stand out: satisfaction with life, the presence of positive emotions and the absence of negative emotions (Diener, 1994).

Social Welfare
It is understood as the assessment that is made of the circumstances and the functioning of society, that is, the perception that people have of the context that surrounds them.In addition, it is closely related to the interactions and quality of social relationships of each individual, as well as to the contribution each makes to society and the sense of belonging to a community or social group.(Keyes, 1998).However, the author argues that social welfare is composed of five main dimensions: social integration, social acceptance, social contribution, social updating and social coherence (Blanco y Diaz, 2005;Zubieta et al., 2011).

METHODOLOGY
This research is placed in an epistemological perspective based on the positivist paradigm, adopting a quantitative approach with non-experimental cross-sectional cohort design of descriptive type; understanding that it sought to measure and describe the level of psychological, social and subjective well-being; as they occur in their natural context, in a single This scale was evaluated in Colombia by Arana et al. (2017), obtaining a Cronbach's alpha of 0.797.
Procedure: the purpose of the research and informed consent was socialized with the participants.Then, the instruments were applied in a personalized way.In the third phase, the information was tabulated and analyzed with SPSS, evaluating global scores and subscales, and considering the theoretical foundations on well-being.

PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
The results indicate that 56% of the participants reflect a deficit in their psychological well-being, meanwhile, 36% are located at a standard level and only 8% of the population reflects a high level.These results are aligned with previous research that highlights the challenges faced by victims of the armed conflict in Colombia (Anaya et al., 2020;Cardozo Rusinque et al., 2017;Díaz, 2018;Garcia, 2020;Sánchez, 2018;Salas Picon et al., 2022).
The findings show the differences in sex, with women having the highest percentage in terms of deficiencies in their psychological well-being, showing difficulty in their personal growth and the positive functioning of their lives, which leads to dissatisfaction, isolation and difficulties in relationships (Bustos leon et al., 2023Díaz, et al. 2006)) Psychological well-being is composed of 6 dimensions, self-acceptance, positive relationships, autonomy, environmental mastery, life purpose and personal growth.Table 2 shows the behavior of these dimensions in the participants.In relation to the dimension of Self-acceptance, 100% of the population was at a deficit level, which indicates that they feel dissatisfied with themselves and with their past and present life, they consider that they have negative qualities that do not allow them to advance (Keyes, 2005).
Regarding Positive Relationships, it can be evidenced that only a small percentage, 2.6% of the population, is at a high level.This indicates that these people maintain empathetic, warm and trusting social relationships, demonstrating concern for the well-being of friends, neighbors and the community in general.On the other hand, the vast majority of participants, 78.6%, are at a dysfunctional level, that refers to having few empathetic and trusting relationships with others, which leads them to feel isolated and frustrated in the field of interpersonal relationships.
Finally, the remaining 18.6 per cent is at a standard level.8 As for the dimension of autonomy, a favorable picture is observed, since 69.3% of the population shows a high score, indicating self-determination and independence in the elections and decisions they make.These people are guided by internal rules that regulate their behavior.
On the other hand, only 2.6% have deficiencies, which is reflected in their excessive concern for the expectations and evaluations of others.These people are more likely to give in to social pressures when acting and thinking, even depending on the opinions of others when making their own decisions.Finally, the remaining 28% are at a standard level (Ryff, 1995).
The Domain of the Environment dimension revealed that a high percentage, 94.67% of the sample, feel unable to change or improve their environment.These people express difficulties in managing everyday affairs and show little awareness of the opportunities present in their environment, letting important possibilities pass.On the other hand, only 5.33% score at a standard level, which indicates that they occasionally have skills to create or select environments that favor them to satisfy their personal desires and needs (Keyes 2005).
Regarding the dimension of Purpose of life, 96%, it lacks meaning, meaning and purpose in their life.These people have a lack of direction in their thinking and acting, as well as the absence of clear goals.They find it hard to find satisfaction or meaning in their past.
Conversely, 3% score at an optimal level.This part of the population demonstrates that they have goals, objectives and purposes in their lives, directing their actions towards those ends.In addition, they make sense of both what they are experiencing in the present and what has already happened in their lives (Díaz et al., 2006).
The personal growth of 90, 67% of the population is reflected in a deficient level, manifesting a sense of stagnation, boredom and disinterest in life, likewise, a feeling of incompetence in the development of new attitudes or behaviors to chart and achieve new goals in their lives.Meanwhile, the remaining 9, 34%, show positive perceptions of their continued development, as they are seen as people growing and expanding to new experiences and goals (Ryff, 1995).
Faced with the dimensions of psychological well-being, the participants report a better score in autonomy, while the rest of the dimensions obtained a high percentage in the deficient level, resulting in psychological well-being that emphasize the urgent need for specific interventions and comprehensive support strategies.
These results differ with other studies conducted with victims of the armed conflict, who found low scores in autonomy (Anaya et al., 2020;Bastos and Pelàez, 2022;López-Jaimes et al., 2020;Sánchez, 2018;Salas Picon et al., 2019), but high or standard in self-acceptance, 9 positive relationships, personal growth, purpose of life (Anaya et al., 2020;Bastos and Pelàez, 2022;López-Jaimes et al., 2020;Sánchez, 20 18;Salas Picon et al., 2019).However, in the domain dimension of environment they coincide with the studies carried out Bastos and Peláez, 2022 and Sánchez, 2018, who found a higher percentage of participants in the low level or deficit.
On the other hand, the results corroborate the claims of some authors, who argue that experiencing violence events such as the armed conflict leaves consequences that significantly affect the psychological well-being of the victims (Cudris-Torres et al., 2019;Sánchez Acosta et al., 2019;Castañeda y Camargo, 2018;Bernal et al., 2024).

SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING
In terms of subjective well-being the results show a significant disparity in participants, given that 46.6% make a negative assessment of their life, reflecting dissatisfaction and unhappiness due to negative events of the past and unpleasant emotional experiences.While 57.3% say they feel more satisfied and evaluate positively their lived experiences.This dichotomy in subjective well-being highlights the complex interaction between past traumatic experiences and current perceptions of life satisfaction among people affected by armed conflict (Cowden et al., 2023;Monroy-Sánchez, 2020;Quintero-González et al., 2020).It is essential to note that a significant percentage of participants still face difficulties in making a positive assessment of their life and feeling satisfied with it.These findings are related to those identified in the studies carried out by Díaz (2018), Garcia (2020) and Patiño (2015), who focused on populations with similar characteristics and identified that being exposed to a context of armed conflict negatively affects the assessment that people can make of their lives.
This indicates that the population attributes a negative and harmful assessment to the events, activities and circumstances in which their lives are developed (Diener et al., 2017).Regarding the overall results, low scores were found in most of the sample, indicating that 88% of the population has a deficit in their social welfare.This is reflected dissatisfaction with the social and cultural context in which they live, resulting in a negative assessment of the circumstances and functioning of society (Keyes, 1998).This finding is consistent with other studies in populations with similar characteristics (Garcia, 2020;Gómez, 2018;Vergara, et al., 2023), where a lack of cooperation, networking, organization and participation in matters of social interest is observed.
On the other hand, these results differ from other studies with population victims of the armed conflict, where most of the participants present an average social well-being, with tendencies to high; in this case, the subjects feel welcomed by the community, experience a sense of belonging to the group and develop some confidence towards their members (Diaz, 2018;Martinez-Santana et al., 2020).Regarding the dimensions of social welfare, results are shown mostly with tendency deficit and standard (medium), in discrepancy with the studies carried out by Martinez-Santana et al., (2020) who identified in their results that victims mostly have a medium social welfare, with tendencies to high (table 5).Regarding the social integration dimension, the results show that 82.67% of the population shows deficiencies in this area.This indicates that they have a negative assessment of the quality of their relationships with the society and community where they reside, which affects their sense of belonging to them (Keyes, 1998).Despite this negative score, it is observed that a group of participants (17.33%) feel an integral part of the community.At times, they experience the support of community members and partially share ideologies, tastes and beliefs, allowing them to establish interpersonal relationships and affective ties with their peers (Martinez-Santana et al., 2020).
In the dimension of social acceptance, 48% of the population shows deficiencies, which is reflected in negative attitudes and distrust towards their peers.On the other hand, 36% of the population is at an optimal level.These people experience a sense of belonging and happiness as part of their community, showing trust, acceptance, and positive attitudes toward others.In addition, they highlight values such as honesty, kindness and kindness, and demonstrate acceptance of both the positive and negative aspects of their own lives (Blanco y Diaz, 2005;Keyes, 1998).On the other hand, 16% of the population shows some distrust in the community, but they do not close themselves to the possibility of establishing social relations based on trust.
In the case of social contribution, 80% is at a poor level, this indicates that they feel they are not useful for the community where they live, because they consider that they do not contribute to their transformation and social well-being, evidencing a fragmentation in the social fabric.This finding highlights the lack of connection and commitment of a large part of the sample with its community environment.In contrast, the remaining 20% of participants are at a standard level, indicating that they feel in some way that they can contribute something valuable to their territory through their daily actions and efforts to benefit the well-being of their community.These people show a deeper understanding of their ability to generate impact and are actively engaged in building a better social environment (Keyes, 1998;Patiño, 2015).
Examining in detail the dimension of "Social Update", an encouraging aspect is revealed, 80% of the participants show a degree of hope regarding the future progress of their community in terms of social development.These individuals perceive their community as an enabling environment that fosters the well-being and personal growth of their members.This is a positive sign, reflecting an optimistic view and a favorable attitude towards the potential for improvement of their social environment.Crucially, however, there is a segment of the 12 population, representing 20%, that lacks confidence in their community's ability to experience meaningful growth and provide equitable opportunities for all members.These people base their skepticism on their past experiences, which influences their perspective towards the potential for community development (Zubieta et al., 2011).
The dimension of social coherence reveals important findings about the level of understanding and interest of the subjects in relation to the social context in which they reside.
It is observed that 64% of the participants demonstrate a lack of understanding and disinterest in knowing the social dynamics of their community and surrounding environment.For them, staying informed about what is happening in their environment is irrelevant.By contrast, the remaining 36% show a genuine interest in understanding the composition, organization, and functioning of the environment in which they live.These people strive to stay informed and understand the events that occur around them.Their motivation lies in the search for logic in these events, which allows them to foresee possible future events in their community (Blanco y Diaz, 2005).
These findings underscore the complex interaction between armed conflict and social welfare, allowing to affirm that the victims of the armed conflict in Colombia experience significant deficits in their social welfare, which negatively affects their cohesion and social fabric (Rodríguez-Sánchez and Cabedo-Mas, 2022).

CONCLUSIONS
The results show low and medical levels in relation to the psychological, social and subjective well-being of the victims of the armed conflict in Chalán, Sucre (Colombia).This highlights the need to implement psychosocial interventions aimed at promoting selfacceptance, positive interpersonal relationships, purpose-seeking in life, personal growth and autonomy among victims of armed conflict.It is also important to address the psychosocial factors that contribute to negative assessments of subjective well-being and promote strategies that promote satisfaction and happiness in this population.
In addition, the results of this study highlight the relevance of understanding the negative perceptions of victims towards their community.In this sense, it is necessary to establish spaces for dialog that foster collective reflection and mutual understanding, thus promoting greater coherence and well-being within the community.
moment (Hernández Sampieri 2014).Participants: The target population consisted of 75 subjects between the ages of 19 and 80, of which 30 are men and 45 women direct victims of the armed conflict, residents of the municipality of Chalán, Sucre.The selection of participants was based on non-probabilistic sampling, for convenience based on inclusion criteria determined and determined by voluntariness to participate in the study.Instruments: For the assessment of levels of well-being, the following scales were applied: Ryff Psychological Well-being Scale: values six dimensions of psychological wellbeing: Self-acceptance, Positive Relationships, Autonomy, Environmental Mastery, Purpose in Life and Personal Growth.The version adapted to Spanish by Díaz et al. (2006) was applied, with 29 items, maintaining an internal consistency similar to the original version (Amaris, 2012).Keyes Social Welfare Scale -1998: Evaluates the assessment of the circumstances and Psychological, Subjective and Social Well-Being of Victims of The Armed Conflict in The Municipality of Chalán -Sucre (Colombia) ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.7 | p.1-17 | e08382 | 2024.6 the functioning of society through five dimensions: Social Integration, Social Acceptance, Social Contribution, Social Update and Social Coherence.The Spanish adaptation was used by Blanco and Díaz (2005).Sánchez Cánovas Psychological Wellness Scale: Measures general well-being from subjective satisfaction in different areas of life.It consists of four sub-scales: Subjective Psychological Wellbeing, Material Wellbeing, Workplace Wellbeing and Relationships with the Couple.In this research, only the Subjective Psychological Well-being Subscale was used, which evaluates life satisfaction, happiness and positive and negative affect.
Descriptive statistics of Psychological Well-being.

Table 2
Descriptive statistics of Psychological Well-being by dimensions

Table 3
Descriptive statistics of Subjective Well-being

Table 4
Descriptive statistics of Social Welfare.