“EFFICIENCY OF CARLSON MODELING OF EUTROPHICATION OF THE INNER BAY - PUNO LAKE TITICACA”

Objectives: Determine the degree of water contamination, expressed as a percentage of pure water; Quantify and evaluate water quality; recognize the sources of pollution and know the most relevant pollutants of the channels and mechanisms of eutrophication. Theoretical Framework: Pollution, water quality, pollution sources, tributaries-channels and eutrophication mechanisms. Method: The trophic state index of Carlson (1977) or TSI (Trophic State Index) was used. It is a longitudinal study from 2008 to 2016. With 15 sampling points, 12 times a year, evaluating the physical, chemical and microbiological parameters at each sampling point at 20% and 80% of the water column. Results and Discussion: Use modeling to predict the concentration of contaminants for the different treatment alternatives. Likewise, give a description of a model to estimate water quality. In conclusion, we indicate that the Carlson trophic state index has determined that the most relevant pollutants in the eutrophication process of the Interior Bay are nutrients and phosphates, these coming from the discharge of domestic wastewater from the city of Puno. Research implications: The study will serve to evaluate the behavior of water quality and implement mitigation policies. Originality/Value: This study will contribute to monitoring and treating wastewater.


INTRODUCTION
According to Pabón (2023), the pollution process in the Bay of Lake Titicaca is worrying for the quality of its waters.For its part (Prieto and Martínez, 1999), water pollution is a serious problem that affects both aquatic ecosystems and human health.Let me explain more about this.Water pollution, also known as water pollution, occurs when natural water bodies, such as lakes, rivers, and seas, are affected by chemicals that are foreign to their original composition.These substances alter the properties of water, making it unhealthy and harmful to life, as it is specified (Lissette, 1982).
Major water pollutants include: Wastewater: Produced by urban consumption (sewage), industrial processes and other everyday human uses.
Waste and solid waste: Materials such as metals, plastics, glass, and objects that fall from ships.Chemicals and agrotoxics: Substances used in agriculture, soil treatment and other point uses, which are often washed in the rain and reach the seas or groundwater.Sediments and minerals include volcanic ash, soil particles, and building materials.Radioactive materials: Produced by nuclear plants and stored in lead containers, sometimes dumped into the ocean for lack of better disposal.
The causes of water pollution are closely linked to the human way of life and the way we consume natural resources.From the Industrial Revolution to the exponential growth of the world's population in the 19th and 20th centuries, our needs for water, energy, and raw materials have increased significantly.Despite efforts to counter pollution, littering water is still easier than purifying it.According to the UN, approximately 3.1% of the people who die annually in the world do so due to the consumption of contaminated water, which is equivalent to 2.2 million people (Vasquez, 2017).
According to Mamani (2017), The increase in the levels of contamination of surface water and groundwater resulting from the discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater into water bodies, has generated the need to quantify and evaluate the quality of water bodies.
Furthermore, due to differences in interpretation between decision-makers, experts on the subject and the general public, there is an increasing effort to develop an indicator system that groups the most representative pollutant parameters within a unified frame of reference.

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This model aims to represent in mathematical terms the process of pollution of the inner bay of the lake, identify the sources of pollution and pollution levels of the inner bay, but above all will serve to evaluate the behavior of water quality of the inner bay against different intervention measures, for example, if we remember the ALT installed mechanical aerators to reduce pollution levels in the inner bay of the lake, but we do not know if this met these objectives, but if we will have this model of eutrophication of the inner bay of the lake, we could get ahead of time to obtain conclusions and say whether or not that mitigation measure will reach its objectives.As well as the example I set, I can give thousands of applications to the model, I can evaluate any scenario of interest, now that it is required for this study, first the software to develop the model can be the AQUATOOL or another model like the QUAL2D (Prieto and Martínez, 1999).
Eutrophication modeling is a relevant topic for assessing water quality in bays.We allow us to provide you with information on this subject.
In a study carried out between 2001 and 2011, the degree of eutrophication and water quality in several bays of the Sabana Camagüey archipelago was evaluated, using models that consider dissolved oxygen concentrations, biochemical and chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and chlorophyll "a".The nutrient index (IN) was used to determine the degree of eutrophication.The bays of Buenavista, De Perros and Jigüey showed eutrophication processes, while other bays presented oligo-mesotrophic conditions.
On the other hand, in the inner bay of the city of Puno, the levels of Total Nitrogen (NT) and Total Phosphorus (PT) in contaminated waters were evaluated.The efficiency of two macrophytes, Elodea Canadensis Michax (lacho) and another unspecified, was studied to treat these eutrophicated waters.
In short, eutrophication modeling is critical to understanding and addressing water quality problems in bays.
Eutrophication modeling is critical for assessing water quality in bays.It refers to the process of predicting and understanding how nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, affect algal blooms and the formation of hypoxic (low oxygen) zones in water bodies.
In this context, mathematical models are used to simulate nutrient flows and phytoplankton dynamics in a bay.These models consider factors such as nutrient input from land-based sources (such as agricultural runoff or wastewater discharge), water circulation, algal growth rate, and oxygen availability.
One of the widely used models is the Carlson model, which is based on the relationship between total phosphorus concentration and chlorophyll "a" (a pigment present in algae).5 According to this model, as the phosphorus concentration increases, so does the biomass of algae.However, this model has limitations and does not always accurately reflect reality, as it does not consider other factors such as competition between algae species or the availability of sunlight.
In short, eutrophication modeling helps us understand and predict the effects of nutrients on aquatic ecosystems, which is crucial for the sustainable management of bays and the protection of their biodiversity.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Pabón (2023) Water pollution processes can find various methods for the retention and extraction of such metals from water sources and reduce toxicity in them to ensure the preservation of both ecosystems and human life.Among the various existing methods for the control of this type of metals we can find methods such as: precipitation, oxide-reduction, ion exchange, filtration, electrochemical treatment, membrane technologies and recovery by evaporation, adsorption and bioadsorption.

METHODOLOGY
The city of Puno, capital of the province and the department of Puno, is located on the shores of Lake Titicaca at an average altitude of 3,827 meters above sea level, oscillating the urban area between 3,810 and 4,050 meters above sea level.The city of Puno is located 1,535 kilometers from the city of Lima, its geographical coordinates are: South Latitude 15° 48' 57 '' and 15° 51' 35'',West Longitude 69° 57' 13'' and 70° 01' 15''; the interior bay is a small section the Bay of Puno, located in front of the city of Puno, which has an approximate area of 17.3 Km2.It is made up of an elliptical mirror of water and measures 2.4 km from Esteves Island to Espinar Island and from the port to the mouth of the Chimu Channel, measuring 3.5 km.
The study population for the present work will be the volume of the waters of the Interior Bay of Puno, located in front of the city of Puno, which has an approximate area of 17.3 Km2.
It is made up of an elliptical mirror of water (Avendaño et al., n.d.) and measures 2.4 km from Esteves Island to Espinar Island and from the port to the mouth of the Chimu Channel, measures 3.5 km, geographically the Interior Bay of Puno is located between the coordinates 15º48'57" and 15º51'35" of South latitude and 69º57'13" and 70º01'15" of West longitude.The research method is the Carlson Trophic State Index (1977) or TSI (Trophic State Index), which can range from 0 (Oligotrophic) to 100 (Hypertrophic).It is obtained from a transformation of the Secchi disk transparency (DS), such that a TSI index value = 0 corresponds to a disk depth of DS= 64 m and such that a 10 increase in the TSI value represents a 50% reduction of DS (Table 1).(Curtis, 2008;Ocola and Laqui, n.d.)The same index can be determined from other parameters, such as the concentration of chlorophyll and total phosphorus on the surface, whose relationship to transparency has been calculated previously.
The following formulae result from an amendment made by (Orquera and Cabrera, 2020)    8

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This results section is divided into two parts (Laughinghouse et al., 2022)Oh, yeah.The first is the application of the Trophic Status Index for the Interior Bay of Puno and the second includes the spatial assessment of water quality in the Interior Bay of Puno, Lake Titicaca showing the variation of water quality through time and in space (Solís et al., 2016)Oh, yeah.

TROPHIC STATUS INDEX
To determine this index, transparency data must be available to replace them in the formula given above and classify them in the table for determining trophic state index (Romero, 2019)Oh, yeah.

Table 3
Traffic Status Index to the height of the water column and transparency (Gómez, 2018), for the assessment of the trophic status index (Bofill et al. 2005;Pabón et al. 2023)The evaluation of the parameters is also considered (Guzman et al., 2011;Jimenez et al., 2016) as a complementary part to the assessment of trophic status, dissolved oxygen, BOD5, nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, temperature, electrical conductivity, pH (Beltrán et al., 2015)Oh, yeah.Average water column heights in the inner bay -Puno Lake Titicaca

Figure 1
Height of sampling point (m) per year  Trophic status assessment by monitoring point -annual average -transparency

Figure 2
Transparency of Bahia interior de puno -2013

RESULTS OF THE COMPLEMENTARY VARIABLES THAT DETERMINE THE EUTROPHIC STATE
To know the eutrophication state (Beltrán et al., 2015) of the aquatic ecosystem of the Interior Bay of Puno Lake Titicaca, it is necessary to maintain the surveillance network

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(monitoring of water quality) (Belizario et al. 2019;Fontúrbel 2016) that it should make the following observations in order to diagnose that condition.

The discussions:
According to (Beltrán et al., 2015) The assessment of the diversity and abundance of birds was carried out every fortnight, from September 2015 to January 2016.The data was taken in the mornings: from 07:00 to 10:00 h.The identification of avifauna diversity and abundance was made from direct observations, this research in similar to ours.For his part, (Pabón et al., 2023) Because of this problem, it has become of utmost importance for researchers to find various methods for the retention and extraction of these metals from water sources and reduce toxicity in them to ensure the preservation of both ecosystems and human life.Among the various existing methods for the control of this type of metals we can find methods such as: precipitation, oxide-reduction, ion exchange, filtration, electrochemical treatment, membrane technologies and recovery by evaporation, adsorption and bioadsorption.We agree with our research, regarding water treatment.For his part (Vasquez, 2017), Indicates that physicalchemical factors are likely to have a direct impact on species richness, composition and abundance; also notes that depth and temperature have a direct influence on the structure and composition of aquatic vegetation.
On the other hand (Prieto and Martinez, 1999) His study regarding the samples were collected in the lower basin of the Coata River, from the city of Juliaca, to its mouth in Lake Titicaca, in two climatic periods: avenue (March) and styaje (June) in 2017, in five points The samples were collected in the lower basin of the Coata River, from the city of Juliaca, to its mouth in Lake Titicaca, in two climatic periods: avenue (March) and styaje (June) in 2017, in five strategic points that were georeferenced in Lake Titicaca, in two climatic periods: avenue (March) and styaje (June) in 2017, five strategic points that were georeferenced.Finally (Moreta, 2008) The research was carried out by assessing the level of eutrophication in the Pacoccocha lagoon -Santa Ana, Castrovirreyna Province -Huancavelica, 11 UTM monitoring points were located.The objective was to determine the amount of chlorophyll "a", nitrates and total phosphorus found in the Pacoccocha Santa Ana lagoon, which is located at an elevation of 4805 meters above sea level with general coordinates of 13 ° 11 "09'S and 75 ° 12 "00'W.12

CONCLUSION
The efficiency of Carlson's method has been determined in the evaluation of eutrophication in the inner Bay of Puno, demonstrating with this that the contamination partially accelerates the disappearance of phytoplankton and in the Bay of Puno, as well as the native ictic species.
In the quantification of the water quality assessment, it has been determined that there are areas that are in a transition from the oligotrophic state to the mesotrophic state, as well as, there are areas that are in a transition from the mesotrophic to the eutrophic state.Finally, it has been determined that the area of Espinar where the "oxidation lagoons of the wastewater of the city of Puno" are located is in a eutrophic state with a tendency to hypertrophy.
It is recognized that the sources of pollution that affect the waters of the Interior Bay of Puno, leading them to eutrophication levels are mainly; the dumping of domestic wastewater, runoff waters and the dumping of organic and inorganic solids, main contributors of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus in the waters.
It has been determined that the most relevant pollutants in the process of eutrophication of the bay are nutrients and phosphates, these from the discharge of wastewater from the city of Puno.Phosphates despite being a limiting factor in nutrients are found in very high concentrations that contribute greatly to the severe eutrophication of the bay, at a depth of 20% the values have slightly decreased.However, at depths of 80% they have increased minimally, but commonly both have dangerous concentrations.

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Efficiency of Carlson Modeling of Eutrophication of the Inner Bay -Puno Lake Titicaca" ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.7 | p.1-15 | e08361 | 2024.6 Sample size is 15 sampling points (Sierra-Bravo, 1997), located in the area of the Interior Bay of Puno, the sampling is carried out 12 times a year, evaluating the physical, chemical and microbiological parameters at each sampling point to 20% and 80% of the water column.
the proposal was developed byCarlson (1977)  (Castillo Lopez, 2015;Marrero, 2014)Oh, yeah.For the case of the research work, in the determination of the trophic state, we have worked with monitored data for transparency, using the Secchi disk.** (mg/m3); *** (mg/l) According to the values that reach the TSI we can differentiate four categories:(Dix et al. 2022; Flores & Espinoza 2021)Oh, yeah.

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RESULT OF THE MONITORING OF THE INTERIOR BAY OF PUNO -LAGO TTITICACA The results shown below are those developed during the years 2008 to 2015, referring

The
CARLSON and SIMPSON scale was used to compare the parameters analyzed in the Pacoccocha lagoon.The analyzes were carried out in the laboratory of the National University of Huancavelica in the central laboratory.They come to the same conclusions as our research.___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.7 | p.1-15 | e08361 | 2024.

Table 2
Formulas for estimating trophic status by applying eutrophy indicators