THE CHALLENGES OF NAVAL ELECTROMOBILITY IN AMAZÔNIA

Introduction: This study aims to assess the feasibility of replacing a diesel-powered tourist boat with a Solar Electric Hybrid Catamaran with a capacity for fifty people to promote sustainable tourism in the Amazon, specifically in the Belém-Pará region. The initiative seeks to take advantage of the opportunity presented by COP 2030 to innovate in the waterway transportation matrix through renewable energy sources. The research is based on sustainability concepts, the environmental impacts of using fossil fuels and the advantages of using solar energy for waterway transportation. The methodology includes a comparative analysis of diesel-powered vessels' operational and environmental costs and a Hybrid Electric system based on data compiled from a master's thesis. The expected results include identifying significant benefits in terms of reduced carbon emissions. The discussion will address the challenges faced in implementation, such as the initial investment costs, the maintenance of the new technologies, and the adaptation of operators and tourists to the latest transportation conditions. The implications of this research are vast; it can serve as an incentive for energy transition in the river transportation sector. Furthermore, this research pioneers the proposal of replacing diesel-powered tourist boats with solar electric hybrid models in the Amazon region. The study adds value by presenting a practical and sustainable solution to the environmental challenges the tourism sector faces, in line with the global sustainability goals set by COP 2030. Objective: This research outlines the importance and potential of naval electric mobility in the Eastern Amazon region, highlighting its relevance within COP 2030 and the SDGs for

Objetivo: Esta investigación describe la importancia y el potencial de la movilidad eléctrica naval en la región oriental de la Amazonía, destacando su relevancia dentro de la COP 2030 y los ODS para promover el ecoturismo en la región amazónica.

INTRODUCTION
Naval electric mobility is emerging as an innovative and sustainable solution for tackling environmental and social challenges in the Eastern Amazon region.Framed within the context of the Conference of the Parties (COP) 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this approach seeks to combine technological advances with preserving the Amazon's unique ecosystems, promoting the region's economic and social development.
In the Eastern Amazon region, the predominant use of fossil fuel-powered vessels, coupled with limited infrastructure, results in a high dependence on these fuels, as well as a significant contribution to air pollution and environmental degradation (Fuerback, A. et al ., 2010;Dutta, W. et al ., 2020). (Fuerback. A. et al ., 2010;W. Dutta et al ., 2020).In this scenario, the transition to naval electric mobility represents a transformative opportunity and contributes to energy security.The region can reduce its carbon footprint by adopting electricpowered vessels, mitigating the effects of climate change and preserving the Amazon's unique biodiversity (Villa et al ., 2019;De Lima et al ., 2023).
Electric mobility refers to of advanced and efficient technology to replace transport using internal combustion engines.This substitution offers several advantages, such as the operation of electric vehicles without the noise characteristic of combustion engines.It also contributes to the mitigation of water pollution and CO2 emissions and is a strong ally in the energy transition process (CNL Nora; LHS KE, 2020).
The transition from fossil fuels to electric mobility opens new business opportunities.
As new technologies and market models develop, new supply chains for goods and services emerge (Dutta et al ., 2020;International Energy Agency-IEA, 2023).This new technological and market cycle can boost economic growth and innovation, promoting the creation and/or expansion of companies and industries related to electric mobility and its associated In addition, naval electric mobility aligns with the SDGs, particularly SDG 7 (Clean and Affordable Energy), SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), and SDG 13 (Action Against Global Climate Change).By investing in clean technologies and sustainable infrastructure, the Eastern Amazon region can drive inclusive economic growth and the interaction of a sustainable economy (Ho Vishwakarma et al ., 2022;De Lima et al ., 2023;Lima, 2023).This research outlines the importance and potential of naval electric mobility in the Eastern Amazon region, highlighting its relevance to COP 2030 and the SDGs for promoting ecotourism in the Amazon region.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Based on the literature review, much of the research points to the importance of replacing combustion boats with electric boats, highlighting the environmental impacts of using fossil fuels (Schiller et al ., 2017;Shokoohyar et al ., 2022).
Previously, the process of making the transition from combustion to electric vessels viable was given short shrift due to the economic factors surrounding maritime transportation (Fundação Getúlio Vargas-FGV Energia, 2022;Lima, 2023).However, to encourage the transition to electric mobility, there was a proposal to electrify boats for journeys close to the coast, where they would need stored energy sources and onshore electro-post systems to improve charging efficiency (FGV Energia, 2022;Lima, 2023).Sustainable waterway tourism and waterway ecotourism have been receiving a lot of attention in recent years, both from the government and the private sector, due to their low carbon footprint, and are one of the main solutions for many coastal and riverside locations (D.P. Hung et al ., 2022;Lima, 2023).
Based on these arguments, the study in question investigated the main underlying technologies in the naval electrical industry using a network map generated by the VOS viewer software, with data extracted from the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) database between the years 2010-2024, thus allowing a detailed and comprehensive analysis of trends and technological advances in the area (Guimarães & Bezerra, 2019;Saputra, T., & Tjahjono, H. K., 2024).Figure 1 summarizes a map of keywords whose research focuses on developing electric and hybrid vessels.exploring the various technologies available on the market, from lithium batteries to hydrogenpowered fuel cells (Ghenai et al ., 2019;Gear, 2022).In contrast, cargo ships do not come into the discussion due to their long journeys.However, they have been using electric propulsion systems for decades and have recently adopted hybrid systems, such as battery banks as an auxiliary power system, resulting in energy and climate efficiency, according to data from the European Maritime Safety Agency Report (European Maritime Safety Agency-EMSA, 2020).
The map of keywords whose research focuses on the development of electric and hybrid vessels, so the weights of the concepts stand out for the links of the following terms: "Research" was considered the strongest, followed by "lithium battery" and "combustion", this concentrates discussions focused on Naval electric propulsion through the use of high technology.

METHODOLOGY
This research is a compilation of the master's thesis entitled "Waterway Electric 7 technical data collected, it was possible to create a project proposal for electrifying the combustion boat with a hybrid electric one, in which the boat was modeled using AutoCAD and Maxsurf software to generate power as a function of speed in knots.In addition, the geographical characteristics of the Amazon region were considered within the PVsyst software, as the boat was designed with PV modules, and its cost and benefit were analyzed for feasibility

COMBUSTION BOAT CHARACTERISTICS
The company is in the municipality of Belém-Pa, where it has a boat with combustion propulsion which carries out river trips during the week, in the afternoon on the Guamá River.
The boat is considered a regional landmark for tourism in the region, as it was built in 1986 and began operating in the 2000s (Lima, 2023).The boat has no capacity for cargo, only passengers,  The boat's propulsion system consists of a SCANIA 315393 diesel engine with 420 HP an auxiliary electric motor and a YANMAR 829 HP generator.The boat has a cruising speed of 8 knots but sails at 5 knots due to its fixed route and slow speed to enjoy the scenery (Lima, 2023).According to the information gathered during field research, the boat has the technical specifications listed in Table 2.

HYBRID ELECTRIC CATAMARAN PROJECT
Hybrid electric boats are a growing innovation in the nautical sector, combining watercraft with a hybrid propulsion system that integrates electric motors with internal combustion engines, providing both environmental and operational advantages when compared to boats powered by fossil fuels (Plan, Build & Benefit, 2021;De Lima et al ., 2023).

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In addition, most of these projects are equipped with photovoltaic (PV) panels, which allow the PV modules to convert solar irradiation directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect and thus store energy to power the electric boats in rechargeable traction batteries (De Lima et al ., 2023;Lima, 2023).The electrical energy converted from the PV modules stored in batteries on board the boats is crucial to ensuring that the boat has enough energy for the journey (MH.Khooba et al ., 2020;W. Dutta et al ., 2020;De Lima et al ., 2023).
In short, it is important to estimate the local irradiation survey to calculate the amount of energy generated by the modules for the boat since SFVs are considered auxiliary systems and will be designed according to the space available on the boat (Lima et al ., 2022).Although there is a natural decrease in the incidence of solar radiation due to cloudiness in the region, there is still an energy gain from the PV modules (Campos & Alcântara, 2016).
As it is a maritime vehicle, the PV modules will be installed without a tilt due to the nature of the vessel's operation and the constant changes in its position to the sun, and the most significant energy gain is when the boat is anchored Figure 4 (Matos, 2016;Lima, 2023).

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF THE VESSEL
This topic details precisely and clearly the requirements, standards, and criteria for the design of the hybrid electric vessel, considering the system, service, and demand it must meet.
The technical specifications in Table 02 were considered to estimate the Catamaran Project.These modifications made it possible to work on the hybrid electric boat's propulsion systems.

ELECTRIC MOTORS
For this boat model, the permanent magnet electric motor was considered, as it provides less noise and greater thermal efficiency.In addition, it is possible to keep the speed at tolerable values or a low traveling speed.
Induction and permanent magnet electric motors (AC or DC) are the best solution for electric boat projects, as they meet the main efficiency requirement of around 90 percent (MH.Khooban et al ., 2020;Bonilla et al ., 2021).Equation 1e 2 shows the electrical power demand (Woud et al ., 2003;Bonilla et al ., 2021).From this, it will be possible to calculate the energy demand of the battery bank required for the vessel using auxiliary systems (SF and diesel generator).

DESCRIPTION OF THE PHOTOVOLTAIC AND STORAGE SYSTEM
From the propulsion system survey, the energy demand of the battery bank required for the vessel with the use of systems FV was calculated.

Photovoltaic modules (PV)
The photovoltaic system uses generic flexible modules, such as the model JKM570M-7RL4-V, which have a unit power of 570 Wp (Watt-peak).These modules were selected from 12 the original PVsyst database, a software program widely used to simulate and size photovoltaic systems.So, considering these points, flexible solar modules are a suitable choice for boats due to their high energy capture efficiency, weight reduction, installation flexibility, and durability in marine environments (Khooban et al ., 2020;Lima, 2023).
The system consists of 32 photovoltaic modules, with total module power under standard test conditions (STC) of 18.24 kWp, and the system is configured in 16 strings with two units in series each, to optimize the system's voltage and current.The operating conditions are an ambient temperature of 50°C, the modules operate at a maximum power (Pmpp) of 16.64 kWp, a maximum power point voltage (Umpp) of 80 V and a maximum power point current (Impp) of 208 A.

Storage system
To guarantee a continuous supply of energy, the system includes a storage battery for marine applications, also from the Generic brand, with lithium-ion technology (NMC).The main criteria for this battery are based on operational performance: capacity, power, useful life, costs, safety, and dimensions, with long duration and zero maintenance (Vishwakarma & Brahmbhatt, 2022).
The batteries are equipped with a Battery Management System (BMS) to protect them from discharge and charge variations of around 20 to 80 percent (CNL Nora & LHS KE, 2020; Vishwakarma & Brahmbhatt, 2022).It should also be noted that the electric motor converts electrical energy from the battery into mechanical energy to for propelling a propeller that will move the boat (Vishwakarma & Brahmbhatt, 2022).These are the basic components of the boat's propulsion system for designing electric propulsion that results in high efficiency.When designing a vessel equipped with PV panels and energy storage systems, it is crucial to consider the weight and volume of all the components, including the PV panels, batteries, charge controllers, and inverters, as the weight of this equipment directly impacts the vessel's performance, efficiency and seaworthiness (W.Dutta et al ., 2020;DE Lima, 2023).
Based on this analysis, it was possible to calculate the number of batteries required for the vessel.As a result, the bank was sized for continuous operation for 1.5 hours at a speed of 4.32 knots.The vessel's propulsion engine has a power of 150 hp, equivalent to 110 kWh of electricity consumption, calculated by Equation 3 for battery bank sizing (Bonilla et al ., 2021).ET =Total energy demand.
Cbat= Capacity of Battery.
The system only needed to consume the boat's main propulsion engine.Considering that the voltage level on the DC (Direct Current) bus is approximately 600v, the distribution of the batteries in the bank is formed by two arrangements of 51 batteries each, i.e., a voltage of (12vlts x 51 batteries) = 612v, with three groups in parallel totaling (3 arrangements x 100A) = 300ª/h.
One of the major problems with accumulators is their weight.In this case, as each battery weighs 11kg individually, this adds up to an additional weight of 1,683kg for the batteries alone.However, this weight can be offset by reducing the diesel oil used for direct propulsion, which would no longer be necessary.
The system required a current of 200A at a voltage level of 600v, so the bank is made up of two arrangements of fifty (50) batteries each, with 50 batteries in series to raise the voltage level to 600v and the two arrangements in parallel to supply 200A/h to the system.For these parameters, the additional weight load on the vessel, considering only the batteries, is 1100kg.
This bank would be installed in the boat's hull to contribute to stability, and the modules were grouped as shown in Figure 4 below.

Battery charging strategy
The battery bank can be charged in three ways: first, by the SFV installed on the awning, second, by the diesel engine responsible for supplying demand when the renewable system fails to deliver the power required for navigation operations, and third, by charging the battery system anchored to the quay via the local utility's distribution network.

Diagram of the Electric Propulsion Unit
The control drive is designed to drive and control the motor and inverter, a highperformance product that enables speed and torque control of three-phase induction motors and permanent magnet motors applied to electric vehicles, in this case, applied to the boat.One of its main advantages is that it receives DC power directly from a link or bus, i.e., it can draw energy directly from batteries, reducing the need for converters and regulators.This equipment has multiple inputs and outputs to control and drive auxiliary systems, electrical protections, a heat exchange system for internal water flow, and operating at the motor's supply voltage, which is essential for precise control of the electric motor.
The structure of the system's operation, control and functioning can be seen in Figure 6 This diagram shows all the main components of the boat's propulsion system, from photovoltaic generation, battery banks, super capacitors, auxiliary inputs, controllers, and the engine directly responsible for propelling the boat.The estimated cost projections were based on the main elements of the vessel's electric traction.In this way, the cost study recommends a series of demands appropriate to its characteristics, indicating the target audience, resources to be used, equipment lifespan, technical aspects of the vessel, and location.As some of the equipment is unavailable on the domestic market, the cost analysis was quoted in dollars.Table 5 shows the initial cost of the equipment.The following table shows the year the investment pays for itself, the economic viability of the system, and the annual profitability.At nine years, the investment already has a positive cash flow.Figure 7 illustrates this cash flow and summarizes how it becomes positive from year ten onwards.to everyone: companies, governments and civil society, from both developed and underdeveloped countries so that goals can be met by the year 2030 (United Nations Organization-ONU, 2021).The goals are integrated, inseparable, and blend together in a balanced way, raising the sustainability tripod into sustainable development dimensions, which are divided into 6 groups: economic, social, and environmental, as shown in Figure 8.The sixth group is directly linked to the development of maritime electric mobility, which refers to: goal 7 on renewable energy, goal 9 on clean industries, goal 13 on saving GHG emissions, goal 14 on life on the water, and goal 11 on sustainable cities and communities.
These are significant challenges to be achieved that are interlinked with the supply of "zero carbon" energy, which does not release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere; the electrification of energy use, switching from fossil fuels to electric energy; the use of equipment that does not use fossil fuels; and the energy efficiency of systems, based on more technological equipment and more efficient industry (Sachs, 2020;Bonfante 2021;ONU, 2021).
Actions in favor of the SDGs have been monitored, as each country has a set of indicators according to its development and contributions in favor of the SDG actions.
However, these actions are conducted according to the reality of each country (ONU, 2021;Bonfante, 2021).The development indicators for Brazil can be consulted on the platform of the To achieve the goals proposed by the SDGs, organizations, civil society, and companies must play an important role in implementing these actions in society and understand the importance of each goal.

CONCLUSION
The study highlighted the satisfactory results of the project, showing the viability and benefits of this transition.However, electrifying a large boat requires high energy demand and excessive costs, and the equipment is still expensive.As a suggestion, hybrid systems are the most suitable for this naval energy transition process, especially with the development of small boats for the Amazon region.Although the electric system can offer benefits in reducing emissions, a hybrid solution provides a balance between autonomy and efficiency, considering the practical challenges of weight, cost, and energy.Ultimately, the approach chosen must carefully analyze these factors in relation to the project's objectives and constraints.
In addition, the lack of incentives and investment from the national industry challenges the widespread adoption of electric boats.Much of the equipment needed for electrification would be imported from other countries, increasing costs.On the other hand, the electric motor industry already has mature technology developed locally in Brazil, which favors the naval industry and could boost the sector's growth.In summary, it is hoped to promote incentives and investments to accelerate the transition to naval electric propulsion, taking advantage of the socio-economic benefits of the Amazon region.

The
Challenges of Naval Electromobility in Amazônia ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.7 | p.1-21 | e07778 | 2024.5 components.In this way, electric mobility not only represents a significant advance in terms of environmental sustainability but also offers a platform for economic development and the generation of new jobs (FGV Energia, 2022, IEA, 2023).

Figure 1
Figure 1Map of all Keywords Propulsion Technologies: Conceptual Design of a Hybrid Vessel with a Focus on Meeting Environmental, social and Governance (ESG) practices."the study was conducted in the municipality of Belém, Pará, at a local nautical tourism company.To build the methodological process, data was collected from the boat by applying a semi-structured questionnaire to the technical team responsible for the boat.With the boat's The Challenges of Naval Electromobility in Amazônia ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.7 | p.1-21 | e07778 | 2024.
Figure 2Localization map

The
Challenges of Naval Electromobility in Amazônia ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.7 | p.1-21 | e07778 | 2024.8 and can only navigate on the river.It has already sailed around 2,880 kilometers a year.Figure 3 shows an image of the boat.

Figure 3
Figure 3Combustion boat
5.1 LOCAL SOLAR RADIATION SURVEYLocated in the north of Brazil, Belém do Pará is a city with an equatorial climate, hot and humid, with temperatures of around 25° (National Institute ofMeteorology -INMET,   2023).With a high volume of rainfall, prevailing northeasterly winds, and a high level of sunshine for much of the year, it has favorable climatic conditions that could provide better performance for hybrid solar-electric boats.To survey local irradiation where the boat will travel, we used the INMET database (2023) and Meteonorm Version 8 software to obtain daily solar radiation on a horizontal surface.

Figure 4
Figure 4Boat equipped with PV modules.
Figure 6 Ship's electrical diagram

Figure 8
Figure 8Objectives of the ODS

Table 2
Combustion Boat Technical Specifications

Table 2
Hybrid electric boat technical specifications

Table 5
Specifications Initial Cost of Boat