SIGFIS: A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR MONITORING THE USE OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE STATE OF PERNAMBUCO

Objective: The objective is to develop a Geographic Information System for Monitoring (SIGFIS) for the oversight of water resource use in the State of Pernambuco, aiming to improve the efficiency of monitoring operations and water sustainability. Literature Review: The study is based on theories and applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in water resource management. Method: The methodology includes an applied and descriptive study, with data collection from sources such as APAC, IBGE, and CPRM. Documental research methods and field surveys were used, along with geoprocessing. The data were standardized and integrated into a geographic database, with the creation of thematic maps and spatial analyses. Results and Discussion: The results include an improvement in the real-time monitoring capacity of water resources, allowing for a faster response to irregularities and optimization of monitoring resources. Research Implications: Practical implications include improving the efficiency of monitoring operations and APAC's response capacity, while theoretical implications reinforce the importance of GIS in water resource management. It is expected that SIGFIS will contribute to the formulation of more robust and scientifically-based public policies. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by developing a specific GIS for the monitoring of water resources in Pernambuco, demonstrating the relevance of GIS technology in promoting water sustainability and improving environmental governance


INTRODUCTION
The growing pressure on natural resources, exacerbated by the challenges of industrialization and population growth, has put water management at the center of global socio-environmental discussions (Alves, 2017).Water, an essential resource for life and economic development, faces problems of scarcity and quality degradation in various parts of the world.These challenges are particularly acute in densely populated regions and developing countries, where infrastructure and water management are still inadequate to meet growing demands (Cadore & Tochetto, 2021).
Internationally, organizations such as the UN (UN, 2024) have highlighted the water crisis as one of the biggest threats to global sustainability.Millions of people face lack of access to clean water, and the situation is aggravated by drought conditions, pollution and political disputes over water allocation.In Brazil, the contrast between the abundance of water resources and the lack of effective access to quality water is particularly paradoxical.Despite hosting some of the world's largest rivers, the Amazon River, the country faces significant challenges in terms of sustainable and equitable water management (Peixoto et al., 2022).
The Federal Constitution of 1988 and the Water Law of 1997 were milestones in Brazilian water policy, establishing water as a public good and laying the foundations for the National Water Resources Policy (PNRH) (Brazil, 1997).This policy introduced key concepts such as the classification of water as an economic good, encouraging its rationalization of use, and obtaining financial resources to underpin water management interventions and programs.
The PNRH promoted the creation of the National Water Resources Management System (SINGREH, 2024) which aimed at the effective and integrated coordination of water policies throughout the national territory (de Souza & de Puppi, 2021;Musarra, 2021).
The State of Pernambuco in Brazil faces significant challenges in relation to water supply, mainly due to recurrent droughts affecting water availability in several regions.It is These difficulties are exacerbated by the wide territorial extent of the state and by the obsolescence of the satellite technologies used to monitor the areas.These factors limit the ability to observe and intervene effectively, creating significant gaps in the management and conservation of water resources.Irregular activities can occur without proper detection and intervention, compromising APAC's efficient water management.This scenario makes it difficult not only to identify infringements but also to implement remedial measures in a timely manner.The complexity of the task is amplified by the geographical diversity of the state, which demands long and frequent shifts, making the work of supervision not only challenging, but also costly in terms of time and resources.Therefore, the implementation of advanced technological tools is essential to overcome these barriers, allowing a more effective and realtime monitoring of water resources, crucial for the water sustainability of Pernambuco (Carvalho, 2023).
In this context, the deployment of a Water Resources Information System (HRIS) using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies is proving to be a valuable resource.The GIS can offer an accurate representation of the territory, integrating environmental data and allowing the visualization of critical areas that require greater attention in surveillance (Jebur, 2021).Thus, the adoption of this technology could significantly improve the effectiveness of the enforcement actions in Pernambuco, providing quicker and more reliable responses to the demands for environmental protection and sustainable management of water resources.
This article presents the Geographic Information System for Surveillance (SIGFIS), built for the use of APAC and specifically focused on the management and supervision of the use of water bodies in the State of Pernambuco.SIGFIS is designed to integrate and standardize large data sets, allowing visualization on thematic maps that facilitate analysis and decision making.The methodology adopted includes extensive data collection, revision of relevant legislation and application of geoprocessing techniques.It is understood that SIGFIS will improve the accuracy and efficiency of field operations, but also strengthen the legal and administrative framework of water management, providing a solid basis for more informed and sustainable decisions.
This article is structured in five main sections.In addition to this Introduction, the article contains four more sections.The second section, Literature Review, reviews the main theories and applications of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in water resource management, based on recent and relevant studies.The third section, Methodology, describes in detail the research methods, including the collection, standardization and analysis of geospatial data, as well as ethical considerations.The fourth section, Results and Discussion, presents and discusses the findings of the study, highlighting the expected improvements in the capacity for monitoring and inspection of water resources in Pernambuco.Finally, the fifth section, Conclusions and Future Work, summarizes the main conclusions of the study, discusses the practical and theoretical implications, and suggests directions for future research and technological developments in the area.References are presented at the end.

LITERATURE REVIEW
This section presents a brief literature review comprehensively containing theories, models and previous research, identifying gaps, contradictions and consensuses in the literature that are important for the focus of this work.Studies are presented between the years 2020 and 2024.
The study by Sharma et al. (2020) examines the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in water resources management to achieve food security and eradicate hunger.
The text highlights how GIS can assist in mapping water resources, analyzing hydrological patterns and continuously monitoring resource use, contributing to sustainable agriculture and efficient water management.However, a significant gap is identified in the availability of realtime data and the integration of information on land and water use, which limits the ability to plan and implement effective policies.6 The study by Boroomandnia et al. (2021) addresses how GIS are implemented to improve water resources management.The study highlights the potential of GIS to integrate diverse geospatial data, allowing for more accurate analyzes and more informed management decisions.One of the main findings is the ability of GIS to facilitate large-scale oversight and planning, as well as respond efficiently to environmental emergencies.However, the study also highlights gaps, such as the need to improve the interface of GIS systems with other emerging technologies and the need for more robust and up-to-date data to increase the accuracy of geospatial analyzes (Boroomandnia et al., 2021).
The study by Taloor et al. (2022) presents a comprehensive analysis of the use of remote sensing and GIS technologies in the management and monitoring of water resources.The study highlights mapping of groundwater prospects using GIS, geophysical investigations, groundwater modeling and the impact of urbanization and climate change on water resources.
Despite advances, the study highlights gaps such as the need to integrate new remote sensing data and analytical techniques to improve accuracy in forecasting and managing water resources.The authors highlight the importance of an integrated approach that combines various technologies and data to address complex challenges in water management, pointing to the significant potential for improvement in the coordination of water sustainability strategies.
The study by Tri & Hoang (2023) explores the crucial use of GIS in water resource management in response to increasing water scarcity due to global climate change, population growth and industrial expansion.The study highlights the effectiveness of GIS in real-time monitoring and analysis of water resources, which is essential for preventing and managing threats to aquatic ecosystems.However, the authors suggest that despite the promising applications of GIS in water management, there are significant gaps in its ability to effectively integrate diverse data sources and to quickly adapt to dynamic environmental changes, underlining the need for continued development in technologies. of GIS to improve sustainability and effectiveness in water resources management.
Finally, the study by Kodihal & Akhtar (2024) provides a comprehensive review of Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques applied to identifying potential and groundwater recharge zones.This study highlights the effectiveness of MCDM in combination with GIS tools to evaluate and select suitable sites based on geological, hydrological and topographic factors.One of the main conclusions is that MCDM significantly improves water management and security by enabling more informed decisions.However, the article also highlights gaps, such as the need for more effective integration of new environmental and socioeconomic variables into decision models, to better reflect local complexities in water resources management.
Section 3 presents the methodology adopted for the development of SIGFIS, describing the specific data collection, standardization and analysis procedures, in addition to the geoprocessing techniques used, providing a clear and structured understanding of how the study was conducted to achieve the proposed objectives.

METHODOLOGY
This section of the article is crucial to understanding how the research was carried out and is essential to the validity of the study.The methodology details the type of study carried out, the criteria for sample selection, the techniques used for data collection and analysis, in addition to addressing the ethical considerations and limitations faced during the research.

KIND OF STUDY
The study is of an applied and descriptive nature, with the objective of developing a GIS to monitor the use of water resources in the State of Pernambuco.This type of study allows the observation, description and analysis of phenomena as they occur naturally, providing a solid basis for interpreting results.

SAMPLE SELECTION
The sample used in this study comprises spatial data and geographic information 8 Sources included: • Electronic portals of official institutions: Public data available online; • APAC Technical Inspection Team Spreadsheets: Detailed information on inspection; • Legal documents: Applicable regulations and legislation.
Data collection was carried out primarily in georeferenced file formats.In cases where these formats were not available, tables were used that were converted to georeferenced files.
Data sources included electronic portals of official institutions, electronic spreadsheets from the APAC Technical Inspection Team and legal provisions.Additionally, geocoding was employed to obtain address coordinates using Google Earth Pro (Google, 2024).
The data underwent a cartographic review to ensure scientific consistency.This process involved transforming coordinates and standardizing files into a uniform format.The compatibility of digital data formats was essential to guarantee the consistency and integrity of the information.

DATA ANALYSIS METHODS
Data analysis was carried out using geoprocessing tools to generate thematic maps and perform spatial analyses.Using QGIS, thematic maps were generated containing: • Cartographic Elements: Title, legend, scale, orientation and cartographic projection; • Information Plans: Mapping of inspection areas, hydrography, conservation units, and other aspects relevant to the management of water resources.
The collected data were stored in a database compatible with geoprocessing programs, using the free software QGIS, version 3.4.The database created allowed the consultation, processing and availability of data in geographic information format.
The SIGFIS development methodology flowchart (Figure 1) guided the data collection, standardization and analysis stages.
A review of current legal standards was carried out to define information plans.This included analyzing official gazettes and legal institution portals to ensure SIGFIS was aligned with legal requirements.

SIGFIS APP SOLUTIONS
SIGFIS is a mobile application for Android operating systems (Pereira & Da Silva, 2009) and used technologies such as Amazon Web Services (AWS) (Amazon, 2015) for the web server, PostgreSQL (Schönig, 2020) for database management , and Mapbox (Rzeszewski, 2023) for geolocation.The mobile application was developed using the Kotlin programming language (Jemerov & Isakova, 2017), using NodeJS (Mardan et al., 2018) for the integration API.The objective is to provide greater agility in the collection and consultation of information during inspection.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
The study followed all ethical guidelines for data collection and use, guaranteeing the confidentiality and privacy of sensitive information.All data sources were duly referenced and data use rights were respected in accordance with current regulations.Furthermore, ethical aspects related to the implementation and use of the system were considered, aiming for transparency and responsibility.Section 4 presents the results obtained and related discussions, in addition to presenting a comparison of the findings of this article with the articles presented in the Literature Review section.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The SIGFIS application is available on the Google Play Store, for download and installation on Android operating systems.In Figure 2, the SIGFIS application interface is shown, presenting essential features for managing inspections.

Inspections and Scheduling
The home screen offers a clear view of inspection scheduling options, as well as a complete list and search functionality for existing inspection processes.Furthermore, there is a practical tool to filter inspections based on the inspector's current location, facilitating quick access to relevant information according to their geographic proximity.This interface organization ensures that inspectors can manage and prioritize their field activities in an efficient and informed manner.
Figure 3 shows the SIGFIS application interface, which displays the information plans and maps in detail.Each map includes information about its last updated date and current status, with options for the user to enable or disable the display as needed.The interface also allows the loading of a satellite map, overlaid with detailed information plans, including hydrography, municipal divisions and inspection processes.Additionally, there is the option to view a street map, providing a clearer and more accessible understanding of the geographic areas relevant to inspection.

Inspections and Scheduling
In Figure 4, the SIGFIS application interface is shown on the new inspection registration screen.This screen provides quick access to maps, allowing users to easily view the item referenced on the previous page.The interface includes versatile features, such as generating and exporting reports, as well as options for capturing photos and recording audio during the inspection.Users can also record detailed information on the owners or those responsible for the water and catalog any irregularities observed, which facilitates documentation and monitoring of the conditions of water resources and areas inspected.

Figure 4
User registration and infractions In Figure 5, the SIGFIS application interface is shown in detail for registering water use.
Initially, the user records the date and selects the exact geographic location on the map, marking the water use point with the latitude and longitude coordinates.In subsequent steps, the user chooses the type and type of water use, such as "Work" or "Capture", among others, which influences the additional forms that will be displayed.Next, the current status of the project is specified, such as "In Progress" or "Completed", and the specific characteristics are detailed, such as the type of structure and its dimensions.Finally, there are options to search for previously registered related inspection processes, allowing the automatic filling of information such as process number and grant data, if applicable, facilitating the tracking and regulatory management of water uses.
SIGFIS, developed for APAC, is designed to offer significant results in the management and inspection of water resources in the State of Pernambuco.The implementation of SIGFIS aims to facilitate accurate and updated visualization of critical areas, essential to increase the efficiency of inspection operations.

Figure 5
Water usage record One of the main results is expected to be the improvement in the capacity for real-time monitoring of water resources.This is particularly crucial in regions affected by recurrent periods of drought and where the degradation of riparian forests and the indiscriminate drilling of artesian wells pose significant risks to water sustainability.With SIGFIS, APAC will be able to identify and respond more quickly to irregularities, contributing to preventing the depletion of underground water resources and protecting water bodies.
Furthermore, SIGFIS should be fundamental in optimizing the resources available for inspection.The application's features, such as scheduling inspections and the ability to record georeferenced data, photos and audio in the field, are expected to increase inspectors' productivity.The standardization of collected data and the integration of information on previous grants and inspection processes will also strengthen the legal and administrative framework, providing a robust basis for regulatory decisions.
The use of thematic maps generated by the system will allow a detailed and facilitated understanding of the specific conditions of each monitored region.This should not only improve the precision of interventions, but also promote more sustainable and informed management of water resources, aligning enforcement actions with the state's environmental policies and conservation objectives.
In summary, SIGFIS is designed to be a valuable tool in the fight for water sustainability in Pernambuco, demonstrating that the integration of advanced technology and accurate geographic data is fundamental to facing contemporary challenges in natural resource management.It is expected that the continuity and expansion of SIGFIS' capabilities will lead to increasingly effective and responsive management of Pernambuco's waters.

CONCLUSION
The implementation of SIGFIS represents an innovative and necessary approach to facing the challenges associated with the management and supervision of water resources in the State of Pernambuco.Through an analysis provided by SIGFIS, APAC is equipped with tools for real-time monitoring, more efficient management of inspections, and more assertive and responsive inspection.This system not only promises to improve the operability of inspectors' daily tasks, but also strengthens the global strategy for conserving water resources, crucial for a state frequently affected by periods of drought.
In addition to immediate improvements in responsiveness and efficiency, SIGFIS serves as a pillar for the development of more robust and scientifically based public policies.The ability to integrate and analyze large volumes of environmental and geographic data allows for a deeper understanding of the impacts of human activities on natural resources.This is essential for formulating strategies that aim not only to mitigate negative impacts, but also to promote sustainable use of water, aligned with the environmental, social and economic needs of the state.
When comparing this article with the five works presented in the Theoretical Reference section, it is possible to highlight several significant improvements that this research brings to the field of water resources management using GIS, listed below: 15 and proactively identify potential risks.The integration of AI-based early warning systems could significantly increase the effectiveness of preventive measures against undue exploitation of water resources.Furthermore, it is crucial to continue developing interfaces and functionalities that promote more effective and engaged interaction among citizens, allowing greater transparency and community participation in decisions related to water management.
These conclusions and recommendations for future work aim not only to reinforce the commitment to the sustainable management of water resources, but also to highlight the importance of continued investments in technology and innovation in the environmental sector.
SIGFIS: a Geographic Information System for Monitoring the Use of Water Resources in the State of Pernambuco ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.1 | p.1-16 | e07744 | 2024.4 essential to step up monitoring of two critical areas: the degradation of waterside forests and the drilling of artesian wells.Riparian forests, which are essential for the protection and preservation of water bodies, filter pollutants and prevent erosion, and play a vital role in maintaining water quality.At the same time, strict monitoring of the drilling of artesian wells is crucial, due to the potential for depletion of underground water resources, a risk that may compromise the sustainability of water for future generations in Pernambuco (Castro et al., 2017).Indiscriminate drilling of artesian wells without adequate monitoring poses significant risks to the sustainability of water resources.Such practices can lead to the depletion of aquifers due to the extraction of water above the natural recharge rate, altering the hydrological balance and causing the lowering of the water table level (ET & Ambiente, 2020).The adoption of proactive measures to manage and monitor these activities is indispensable for guaranteeing the conservation of water resources in the state.The monitoring of the use of water resources in Pernambuco, carried out by the Agency of Pernambuco Water and Climate (APAC, 2024), faces considerable obstacles, even with specific legislation in force.
relating to water resources in the state of Pernambuco.Data was collected from several sources, including APAC, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) (IBGE, 2024) and the Geological Survey of Brazil (CPRM) (CPRM, 2024).The sample selection considered the relevance and availability of data for the construction of the geographic information system.3.3 DATA COLLECTION AND STANDARDIZATION METHODS Data collection involved obtaining information from secondary and primary sources.Documentary research methods, consultation of geographic databases and field surveys were used.SIGFIS: a Geographic Information System for Monitoring the Use of Water Resources in the State of Pernambuco ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.1 | p.1-16 | e07744 | 2024.
SIGFIS: a Geographic Information System for Monitoring the Use of Water Resources in the State of Pernambuco ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.1 | p.1-16 | e07744 | 2024.10 3.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The main limitations of the study are related to the availability and quality of spatial data.The heterogeneity of data sources and the need to make formats compatible can introduce errors and uncertainties into the analyses.Furthermore, the temporal and spatial coverage of data may be limited, affecting the generalizability of results.Technical and operational limitations were also considered in the development of SIGFIS, seeking to mitigate their impacts on the implementation and use of the system.
a. Real-Time Monitoring:Sharma et al. (2020) andBoroomandnia et al. (2021) face limitations due to the availability of real-time data and the need for more robust data.Taloor et al. (2022) suggest the integration of new remote sensing data, whileTri & Hoang (2023) highlight the effectiveness of real-time monitoring, but with limitations in data integration.This article overcomes these limitations by offering a system that significantly improves real-time monitoring capacity, allowing quick responses to irregularities, which is crucial for Pernambuco's water sustainability; b.Technological Applications: Sharma et al. (2020) and Boroomandnia et al. (2021) point to the need for integration with other emerging technologies.Our article addresses this need by developing a mobile application using advanced technologies such as AWS, PostgreSQL and Mapbox.Taloor et al. (2022) and Tri & Hoang (2023) suggest the continued development of GIS technologies, while our study already incorporates these innovations, providing a robust and efficient system for water resources management.To further advance SIGFIS capabilities, it is recommended to incorporate emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to predict usage patterns SIGFIS: a Geographic Information System for Monitoring the Use of Water Resources in the State of Pernambuco ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.1 | p.1-16 | e07744 | 2024.