PRICING MODEL FOR WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT SERVICES TO ENSURE OPERATIONAL SUSTAINABILITY

Purpose: The government acknowledges the significance of domestic wastewater management and offers it as a vital service. However, it is unjust to base customer fees on the width of the road in front of their house. Alternative methods should be considered to set rates for centralized wastewater management, as road width does not correlate with wastewater production. Community involvement in paying the levy is crucial for the upkeep of this essential infrastructure. Method: This research uses the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) based on government regulations, specifically Regulation of the Minister of Finance of the Republic Indonesia number 100 of 2016 and Regulation of the Minister of Public Works of Public Housing number 04 of 2017. Seven experts were involved in assigning weights to criteria such as clean water consumption, installed electricity, building construction, and road width to determine customer classification. Results and conclusion: The AHP analysis revealed a flaw in using road width for rate determination. Alternative criteria such as clean water consumption, installed electricity, building construction, and road width were found to be more fair indicators. For domestic customers, the weighted criteria were clean water consumption (37%), installed electricity (28%), building construction (19%), and road width (16%). For non-domestic customers, the weighted criteria were clean water consumption (33%), type of activity (30%), number of people active (20%), and floor area of buildings (17%). This change in classification criteria has the potential to increase revenue generation while ensuring the continued operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment services. Research implications: It is important to improve methods for setting rates for vital services like wastewater management. By using fairer standards, decision-makers can encourage community involvement in financing these services while ensuring fairness and transparency. Originality/value: Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process to evaluate customer classification criteria for centralized domestic wastewater management provides valuable insights for policymakers seeking to optimize revenue fairly and transparently.


MODELO DE PRECIOS DE LOS SERVICIOS DE GESTIÓN DE AGUAS RESIDUALES PARA
GARANTIZAR LA SOSTENIBILIDAD OPERATIVA RESUMEN Propósito: El gobierno reconoce la importancia de la gestión de las aguas residuales domésticas y la ofrece como un servicio vital.Sin embargo, es injusto basar las tarifas de los clientes en la anchura de la carretera frente a su casa.Deberían estudiarse métodos alternativos para fijar las tarifas de la gestión centralizada de las aguas residuales, ya que la anchura de la carretera no guarda relación con la producción de aguas residuales.La participación de la comunidad en el pago de la tasa es crucial para el mantenimiento de esta infraestructura esencial.

INTRODUCTION
Domestic wastewater is wastewater from daily activities in residential and domestic sources.Wastewater is the water disposed from homes, offices, and industry (Widyarani et al., 2022).It came from toilets, sinks, showers, washing machines, and industrial processes and was called sewage.Wastewater must be treated so as not to pollute the environment.
Wastewater usually contains relatively small amounts of contaminants, but even a few pollutants that can significantly affect the environment.Hence, a properly installed and maintained residential sewage treatment system for treating and disposing of household wastewater will minimize the impact on ground and surface water (Koul et al., 2022).
Domestic wastewater management is divided into centralized and decentralized.According to Parkinson & Tayler (2003), decentralized wastewater management in peri-urban areas in lowincome countries is crucial for addressing the collection, disposal, and potential reuse of domestic wastewater and improving local environmental health conditions.Environmental health is concerned with the impact of environmental factors on human health and well-being (Azizifard et al., 2020).
As unsolicited projects, the operation and maintenance of sewerage in Indonesia always have budget difficulties, thus needed scenarios to resolve the matter (Estu et al., 2021).
The same condition occurs in centralized domestic wastewater treatment in Bali.The Bali Wastewater Management Technical Implementation Unit manages centralized domestic wastewater in Bali.Wastewater from the source is flowed through pipelines to a centralized treatment plant in Suwung.Wastewater from treatment must meet established quality standards to ensure it is safe for the environment and public health (Ahmed et al., 2020;Kapoor, 2001).Untreated wastewater will give increase organic micropollutants that pollutes 4 groundwater (Györki et al., 2023).Management requires sufficient operational and maintenance costs.Management needs to recognize the significance of operational and maintenance costs in ensuring the wastewater treatment system's long-term functionality and efficiency.Proper funding and allocation of resources to cover these costs are crucial for sustainable and effective wastewater management (Widyarani et al., 2022).The cost of services is an essential factor influencing the decision-making process and selecting suitable options (Mousset et al., 2021).
Currently, the rate of household customers is based on the width of the road in front of the house.Road width is not related to the amount or quality of wastewater.Wastewater management rates should be based on the amount of wastewater produced.Although there is no suitable wastewater flow measuring instrument at the source.wastewater treatment and reuse, as interconnected components (Mousset et al., 2021).Water is vital for sustaining life and supporting various ecosystems, while wastewater treatment is crucial in preserving water quality and protecting the environment (Gidstedt et al., 2022;Nasir et al., 2021).
There is no measuring instrument to determine the amount of wastewater each customer produces with fluctuating flow characteristics.Flow meters are used to measure the flow of liquid.Flowmeters are commonly used in household wastewater management systems to measure and monitor the flow of wastewater (Papathanasiou et al., 2022).Commercial flow meters are often expensive and complicated, but it is essential to know the low-cost flow discharge that allows the device to be very accurate and workable (Rowan et al., 2023).The flow of air or water through the flowmeter can be measured by pressure and speed (Xu et al., 2023).Flowmeters do not work when placed in domestic wastewater-generating sources.
Alternative rates can be based on the installed electrical power in the customer's home.
Electricity consumption can indicate the customer's economic condition.Access to reliable electricity is essential for modern households, enabling various activities such as lighting, heating, cooking, and powering electronic devices (Hård, 2023).Electricity generated by Power plants power home appliances.The type and amount of equipment describe the quality of life (Hård, 2023) Pricing Model for Wastewater Management Services to Ensure Operational Sustainability classifications is to provide customer fairness, openness/transparency, and ease of determination in the field.Ease of implementation and determination will ensure the continuity of management operations, and changes can be adjusted immediately.
The authors acknowledge that in Bali Province, Indonesia, the method used to determine wastewater management rates is based on road width.However, this approach is flawed as it does not directly correlate with the actual amount of wastewater generated.
Instead, the rates should be determined based on factors such as service costs, infrastructure investment, and environmental considerations.Studies on sustainable rates for water and wastewater services highlight the significance of incorporating cost recovery, affordability, and environmental sustainability into the rate structures (Marques & Miranda, 2020;Piubello Orsini et al., 2023).
A comparison between road width, clean water usage, installed electrical power, and house building construction is required.So that the main purpose of this study is to obtain the weight suitable alternative which can later be used as a reference in determining wastewater management rates.Determination of alternative parameters for determining wastewater management rates in analysis using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).AHP helps to systematically compare and evaluate multiple criteria and options based on their relative importance and performance.

METHOD
The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) helps prioritize and evaluate alternatives in b.Community Purchasing Power, is a service rate that considers the community's ability and willingness to pay for goods/services according to people's income, changes in the price of goods/services, and currency value (K2).
c. Fairness and Propriety, a service rates to ensure that everyone/customers get the same service, taking into account the situation and social conditions of the community (K3).
d. Healthy Competition is a service rate that guarantees and maintains the quality of services and sound business practices without disrupting the industry and other similar businesses (K4).
e. Transparent and Accountable, named openly and accountably determining rates based on groups and classifications (K5).
Alternative rates for domestic customers are based on the following: a.The width of the road/customer's location.These Terms are currently in effect.The This alternative tends to match the discharge of wastewater produced (A2).
c. Installed electric power: Electric power installed in a household can indicate the community's economic status.The higher the installed electrical power, of course, the more electronic equipment used, equal, the higher the economic status (A3).
d. Construction of house buildings.These alternatives are distinguished for permanent, semi-permanent, and non-permanent homes, with assessment criteria for foundations, walls, roofs, and floors.The construction of a house building, in general, indicates its economic status (A4).
The resource persons in this study are stakeholders or experts whose fields of work are directly related and who know clearly about wastewater management.Practitioners, academics, bureaucrats, private sector, and consumer representatives are among them.AHP diagram as in Figure 1.

DOMESTIC CUSTOMER
From the answers of seven expert respondents, each of them calculated a matrix of paired criteria, then calculated geometric mean values for the seven answers, as shown in Table 1, and Eigen Vector Criteria as shown in Table 2.The eigen vectors of each alternative for the four alternatives are shown in Table 3.
Furthermore, matrix multiplication was carried out with eigenvector criteria and obtained the results of alternative percentages of domestic customer classification determination as stated in Table 4.  Alternative service rates for domestic customers according to respondents who are most appropriate and meet the principles of efficiency and productivity according to the This condition indicates that the current implementation using the road width is inappropriate.
Clean water consumption has an intense correlation with the amount of wastewater generation.Wastewater discharge from domestic activities depends on the clean water used, which is in the range of 70-80% (Pratiwi, 2015), and 60-80% according to Piubello Orsini et al. (2023).Water consumption is essential for human survival and vital in maintaining overall health and well-being (Kodešová et al., 2024;Renfrew et al., 2024).
Alternative installed electrical power and building construction are not related to wastewater discharge.Similarly, the alternative road width is not appropriate to be used as a basis for determining the number of domestic rates.
Alternatives to installed electrical power and building construction can indicate the economic level of the customer.The higher the installed electrical power, the more electronic equipment is used, which means the household has a higher income to comply with its needs.
Alternative house construction is almost similar to installed electrical power and can indicate the economic level of a household, either occupied by the direct owner or if the house is occupied with contracting status.Alternative road widths are not related to the economic level of a household.Many households with high economies choose small roads as a place to live, even dead ends because they can provide peace of mind and be safer.The strategy aims to assist users of the lower-level model based on the time-of-use electricity price.This helps minimize the net operating cost in the upper level (Li et al., 2022).
Rates determination is carried out by considering the calculation results with the Analytical Hierarchy Process, as shown in Figure 2. Every household needs to assess the width of the road, the use of clean water, the installed electrical power, and the construction of the building using the provisions in Table 5 and Table 6, then multiplied by the percentage of the alternative in Table 7 so that the total value can be known.The total value determines its classification, listed in Table 8.From the assessment in Table 7, the total score is obtained.

1.
The lowest value, if the household class is 1 for the four alternatives, the total value is =1 2.
The highest value, if the household class is 3 for the four alternatives, then the total value is =3 Value difference = 2 Class Range = 2/3 = 0.67 Hence, a table of the scale range of each household classification will be formed as in Table 8.The survey results on 100 household respondents gave the results of classification suitability such as Table 9. Increased income with tariffs for households A, B, and C of Rp 15,000; 20,000; and 25,000 can be counted as in Table 10.There was an increase in revenue of Rp 45,290,000 or 20.92%.This improvement is expected to ensure the continuation of operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment services.

NON-DOMESTIC CUSTOMER
Alternative tariff rates for non-domestic (commerce, industry, government agencies, social, and public facilities) are: 1) Type of Activity.The type of activity at an institution will affect the quality of wastewater produced (A1).
2) Clean water consumption.Domestic water needs per person per day are relatively the same.Of course, the wastewater produced will be relatively the same.This alternative is likely to match the discharge of wastewater produced (A2).
3) The floor area of the building.The floor area of the building can show the number of people who are active in the institution which will affect the wastewater produced (A3).
4) The number of people on the move.The number of people who are active (on average) in an institution will affect the discharge of wastewater produced.(A4).Alternative service rates for non-domestic customers are clean water consumption (33%), type of activity (30%), number of people on the move (20%), and floor area of buildings (16%).Clean water consumption has a strong relationship with wastewater generation.Wastewater discharge from an activity is highly dependent on the clean water used.Biological activities that require water in non-domestic customers will be the same as in domestic customers.The dominant water needs of non-domestic customers are largely determined by their business activities.Some activities that are wasteful of water and not wasteful of water can be seen in Table 13.14 Non-domestic activities that are grouped into water-intensive activities are activities that make water the main need.Without water, the activity will not work.Activities that are grouped into activities that do not waste water, do not make water a basic need.Without water, the activity can still run.Thus, the moreclean water consumed, the more wastewater produced, and the greater the need for centralized waste treatment.If you treat the wastewater locally, it will require a large space or land or high technology for treatment.While the area of land used for treatment or wastewater treatment technology, will affect the operational costs of its business (Lokhande & Kalbar, 2024), which will certainly reduce profits.
The number of people who are active (on average) in an activity will affect the discharge of wastewater produced.The more people who do activities, of course, will produce more wastewater.
Floor area can indicate the number of people who have the potential to move in an agency.The more people who do activities, of course, will produce more wastewater.The need for wastewater treatment plants will be even greater, the need for wider land, or the need for high technology in wastewater treatment.This condition can be overcome by subscribing to centralized wastewater management.
In the application/adjustment of domestic wastewater management rates determination, alternative use of clean water requires data from clean water providers, so that wastewater discharge is known, even though subsidies are given to social groups (Gonçalves et al., 2014).Its application will be complex without data on clean water usage, can be estimated from the number of family members.Similarly, alternative installed electric power takes electrical power data installed in every household.Applying alternative house construction and road width is the easiest to apply by looking directly at the conditions.The alternative road width is the most straightforward application; by knowing the width of the road, the number of rates for all households along the road can be determined.The combination of the four alternatives can be done by scoring each alternative.
Alternative determination of centralized domestic wastewater service rates for domestic customers, according to respondents, is the most appropriate and meets the principles

15
The amount of clean water used is more appropriate to be used as a basis for the number of rates paid for wastewater treatment.The clean water used by each customer of the drinking water company is measurable.However, the use of clean water from private wells is immeasurable.The amount of wastewater management rates is integrated with the payment of clean water used Integration can be done in cities where the fulfilment of clean water needs is measurable.(Santos & Moreira, 2021).This concept is very appropriate to be applied to smart cities (Hernaningsih et al., 2023).Kruszynski & Dawidowicz (2020) (Koul et al., 2022).Water consumption data is vital to ensure that environmental benefits outweigh associated costs (Wilkinson et al., 2024).
Although there is no data on the use of clean water, the number of family members in a household can be used to calculate the cost of household wastewater management.Using alternative uses of clean water and alternative electric power will be fair, but it will be challenging to know the changes.In contrast, the construction of house buildings can be seen in real terms.
Efforts to increase revenue are carried out through adjustments to the classification of offices divided into three, namely small, medium, and large, assuming a ratio of 5: 3: 1.Of the 95 offices with this comparison, there will be 53 small offices, 32 medium offices, and 10 large offices.The criteria for small, medium, and large offices, can be seen in Table 14.

16
Annual income by integrating the suitability of the number of households and offices in each class can be seen in Table 15.As a result of the integration of household and office classifications, an annual income of Rp 12,717,480,000 is below the average expenditure for the last five years of Rp 14,465,828,752.It needs to be considered because revenue from customers has not been able to meet all operational and maintenance cost needs.
Calculation of the sum of multiplications of R class and N class as in, resulting in Table Table 16 The sum of Multiplications R Class and N Class The Tariff Setting Model is made in 2 ways, namely the forward way and the backward way.The way forward begins with the determination of household B rates, the rates for each customer group classification, and ends with the calculation of the amount of income.The backward method begins with determining the income you want to obtain, then you can calculate the rate of household B and the rate of each customer group classification.The rate setting steps are shown on Figure 3.  17 and an overview of the relationship between plan revenue and rates for RT B can be seen at Figure 4. Income plan on no. 1, 2, dan 3 is the result of calculations with customer rates as in Table 15 and the result of the calculation is as in Table 17.Plan income at no. 4 to 7 is a simulation figure to obtain RT B rates.

CONCLUSSION
Alternative designations for domestic customer groups that meet the criteria of efficiency and productivity are clean water consumption by 37%, installed electricity by 28%, building construction by 19%, and road width by 16%.The current alternative designation using the width of the front street of the house is at least by the principle of efficiency and productivity.
There was an increase in revenue of Rp 45,290,000 or 20.92%.This improvement is expected to ensure the continuation of operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment services.The strategy of increasing revenue is not only done by increasing tariffs but can be done by adjusting the character of customers to their parameters.Overall, the designation of 0 2.000.000.0004.000.000.0006.000.000.0008.000.000.00010.000.000.00012.000.000.00014.000.000.00016.000.000.00018.000.000.00020.000.000.000-5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000 30.000 35.000 40.000To be able to carry out continuous operations and maintenance as needed, the pricing model can begin with tariff determination and end with knowing the amount of revenue or begin by determining plan revenue and end with the rate of each customer classification.This forward way or backward way can be selected as needed.

Income
___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.2 | p.1-22 | e06834 | 2024.5 Wastewater management is a public service that the government must carry out.The determination of public service rates must comply with the Regulation of the Minister of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia number 100 of 2016 and the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works of Public Housing number 04 of 2017.The purpose of determining alternative

a
complex decision-making process.It helps to systematically compare and evaluate multiple criteria and options based on their relative importance, performance, and determination of weights and level of importance(Guillén-Mena et al., 2023;Santos & Moreira, 2021).The questionnaire was prepared in AHP format, with five criteria and four alternatives.The criteria for determining centralized domestic wastewater management service rates that meet the principles of efficiency and productivity by the Regulation of the Minister of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia number 100 of 2016 and Regulation of the Minister of Public Works of Public Housing number 04 of 2017 are: Pricing Model for Wastewater Management Services to Ensure Operational Sustainability ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.2 | p.1-22 | e06834 | 2024.6 a. Cost Recovery, where service rates can obtain income to meet cost needs in providing sustainable goods/services (K1).
width of the road includes sewers and berms.It consists of type A (7m < road), type B (7 < 10 m < road), type C (10 m > road) (A1) household.b.Clean water consumption.Domestic water requirements per person per day are relatively the same.Of course, the wastewater produced will be relatively the same.

Figure 1
Figure 1 Analytical Hierarchy Process Diagram for Domestic and Non-Domestic Regulation of the Minister of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia number 100 of 2016 and Pricing Model for Wastewater Management Services to Ensure Operational Sustainability ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.2 | p.1-22 | e06834 | 2024.9 Regulation of the Minister of Public Works of Public Housing number 04 of 2017 is clean water consumption, indicated by the highest percentage of 37%.The following order is installed, electrical power (28%), building construction (19%), and finally, road width (16%).

Figure 2
Figure 2Determination of Household Customer Classification of efficiency and productivity according to the Regulation of the Minister of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia number 100 of 2016 and Regulation of the Minister of Public Works of Public Housing number 04 of 2017 is clean water consumption.The highest percentage was 37%.The following order is installed such as electrical power, building construction, and finally, the width of the road.This condition indicates that the current implementation using the road width is inappropriate.Pricing Model for Wastewater Management Services to Ensure Operational Sustainability ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.2 | p.1-22 | e06834 | 2024.
Design a computer model of the application of integrated water and wastewater management based on hydrodynamic modelling.The amount of clean water used will become wastewater.The need for water as a fundamental human right established by UNESCO in 2002 is 60 litters/person/day based on the fundamental human right to water.Wastewater needs to be treated.Wastewater treatment requires a lot of money.Global water use has increased sixfold in the last hundred years and continues to rise, causing water scarcity and the need to reuse treated wastewater

Figure 3
Figure 3Tariff Setting Model Wastewater Management Services to Ensure Operational Sustainability ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.2 | p.1-22 | e06834 | 2024.20 the classification of each client plays a crucial role in promoting sustainable wastewater management practices and protecting the environment.

Table 1
Geometric Mean Matrix Comparison Paired Criteria

Table 2
Eigen Vector Criteria

Table 3
Eigen Vectors Each Alternative Domestic Customer with Five Criteria

Table 4
Percentage of Alternative Designation of Domestic Customer Classification

Table 5
Score Each Alternative

Table 6
Building Construction Criteria Source: Prepared by authors(2024)

Table 7
Customer Assessment Based on Alternative Criteria

Table 8
Class Range of Each Classification

Table 9
Household Classification Conformity

Table 11 Eigen
Pricing Model for Wastewater Management Services to Ensure Operational Sustainability Using geometric mean matrix comparison paired criteria in Table1and Eigen vector criteria at Table 2, retrieved eigen vector each alternative and percentage of alternative designation of nondomestic customer classification, as in Table11and Table12Vectors Each Alternative Non Domestic Customer with Five Criteria ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.2 | p.1-22 | e06834 | 2024.13

Table 12
Percentage of Alternative Designation of Non Domestic Customer Classification

Table 17
Basic Cost Calculation SimulationRelationship between Plan Revenue and RT B Rates