IN ADDRESSING FOREST AND LAND FIRES IN EAST KOTAWARINGIN REGENCY, COLLABORATION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE PENTA HELIX MODEL ARE EMPLOYED

Introduction: Forest fires are a crucial issue requiring serious attention as it reached 9.7 million hectares of forest fires in 1997/1998. Therefore, there is a need for synergy between governmental and non-governmental institutions to support the mitigation of forest and land fires. Literature Review: Collaborative Governance is one of the types of Governance. This concept emphasizes the importance of a condition where public and private actors (businesses) collaborate in specific ways and processes to produce legal products, regulations, and policies appropriate for the public or society according to Ansell and Gash (2007:545). Method: The Penta Helix model is most commonly associated with the ABCGM concept, which stands for Academician, Business, Community, Government, and Media. This study employs a Comparative Qualitative Analysis (QCA) approach. Result and Discussion: This research showed that the contribution of academia in Penta helix collaboration is as a conceptualizer, The contribution of businesses in the Penta helix context is generally an enabler in both technology and innovation, as well as training, the government's contribution is mitigating forest and land fires in East Kotawaringin Regency includes the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD). Conclusion: The role of the Community in Penta helix collaboration is as an accelerator in mitigating forest and land fires, while the role of the media from the Penta helix perspective is as a bridge to convey information on forest and land fire prevention from authorities (communicators) to the public (communicants). In term of collaboration, face-to-face dialogues is necessary to have consensus of the discussion.


INTRODUCTION
The tropical forests of Indonesia have gained global recognition as the third-largest tropical forest area in the world, following Brazil and Zaire.Initially estimated at 164 million hectares, the expanse of Indonesia's tropical forests diminished to 143 million hectares, and by 1999, it was estimated to range between 90 and 120 million hectares.Considering Indonesia's land area is estimated at 190 million hectares, the remaining forest area in Indonesia constitutes approximately 48-64% of the landmass (Suratmo et al., 2003).Among the catalysts for the loss of Indonesia's tropical forests is the occurrence of forest fires.In Indonesia's annals of forest fire history, the most significant forest fire incident occurred in 1997/1998, covering an area of 9.7 million hectares, with the burnt areas dispersed across several islands, one of which is Kalimantan.The total losses amounted to Rp 9.5 trillion (EEPSEA and WWF, 1998).
The forests, which should ideally be managed and utilized optimally while considering sustainability aspects, have experienced degradation and deforestation that are alarming to the international Community, marking another disheartening milestone for Indonesia.Indonesia made it to the Guinness World Records list, released by Greenpeace (2015), as the country with the fastest annual deforestation rate globally.A staggering 72 percent of Indonesia's original forests have disappeared, with 1.8 million hectares of forest destroyed annually between 2000 and 2005.This equates to a deforestation rate of 2% per year, or 51 km² per day, or the equivalent of 300 football fields of Indonesian forest destroyed every hour.
Forest and land fires have become a strategic issue for the central government or a national concern.One of the recurring problems resulting from forest and land fires is the haze caused by these fires, which has had a detrimental impact on bilateral relations between Indonesia and neighboring countries.Over the past few weeks, the forest fires occurring in the Riau and Jambi regions in Sumatra and several spots in Kalimantan have affected Malaysia.In  2019) also explain in their research that the problem has several elements, including socio-economic, environmental, biophysical, and policy and spatial allocation factors.Therefore, the concept of the penta helix is needed to address the root causes of forest and land fires.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Rona A. Dennis et al. (2015) identified and analyzed the primary causes of vegetation fires at eight locations across Kalimantan and Sumatra, Indonesia.A multidisciplinary and multiscale analysis integrated geospatial technology with various social research approaches and participatory mapping.This helped to fill the evidential gaps regarding the diverse underlying causes of fires in Indonesia.However, a consensus emerged regarding macro causes, impacts, and policy debates concerning future fire disaster prevention.Key findings included confirming several direct and underlying causes at each of the eight locations, the absence of a single dominant fire cause at any site, and wide variations in fire causes among sites.The conclusion emphasizes the importance of site-specific studies in regional context analysis.The "hybrid" research method demonstrated the explanatory power of integrating geospatial and social analysis techniques and the benefits of analyzing fire causes and impacts at various scales in diverse locations.6 causes of forest and land fires.This study focused on four districts in Riau Province, which experienced fires and forest transitions into oil palm plantations.Data on social, policy, and economic aspects were collected from surveys in former fire locations, and focused group discussions were held with key stakeholders.This research applied value chain analysis and social network analysis to the collected data and found a variety of actors involved in and benefiting from fires.The study found that farmer group organizers gained significant benefits, up to USD 486 per hectare.These actors influence decision-making processes through their patronage networks for their interests.These networks provide power, support, protection, and access to various resources.Governments must weaken these farmer group organizers through laws and policies to reduce fires effectively.
One form within the concept of Governance is known as collaborative Governance.
According to Ansell and Gash (2007:545), "Collaborative governance is, therefore, a type of governance in which public and private actors work collectively in a distinctive way, using particular processes, to establish laws and rules for the provision of public goods." Collaborative Governance is one of the types of Governance.This concept emphasizes the importance of a condition where public and private actors (businesses) collaborate in specific ways and processes to produce legal products, regulations, and policies appropriate for the public or society.This concept demonstrates that in Governance, public actors, namely the government, and private actors, namely business organizations or companies, are not separate entities working independently but rather collaborate for the benefit of society.The process of collaboration occurs in several stages.A stage model of collaboration becomes essential to consider as a strategy in the management of public affairs.The Penta Helix model is based on five types of stakeholders: business, public administration, residents, knowledge sector, and financing (Muhyi et al., 2017).This model is highly suitable for multi-stakeholder issues where From the illustration, it is evident that the academic role serves as the conceptualizer by standardizing business processes and certifying products and skills in human resources.
Businesses function as enablers, providing ICT infrastructure and supporting the transition of human resources, business processes, and products into the digital era.Communities act as accelerators, facilitating the adoption of business processes into the digital era and serving as connectors among stakeholders.The government plays the role of regulator, possesses regulations, and coordinates all stakeholders.Media serves as an expander to support publicity in promotion and information dissemination.
The Penta Helix model of social and economic development promotes a culture of innovation and creative synergy.This is particularly relevant for social innovation, where actors convene from various societal sectors to pursue shared goals using specialized skills and resources to address diverse societal challenges (Halibas et al., 2017).The challenge in this research lies in how the government strategizes to mitigate forest and land fires through partnerships with academia, businesses, communities, and media.8 Bureaucratic reform of public services needs support from various supporting factors characterized by the support of national policies and adequate building infrastructure.However, those factors are not adequate, as the reform needs to be supported by a synergic operational approach at a lower level, including licensing service institutions, entrepreneurs, academicians, media mass, and environment (Sumartono and Hermawan, 2020).

RESEARCH METHOD
This study employs the Comparative Qualitative Analysis (QCA) approach.Through QCA, researchers can employ qualitative methods to examine cases in-depth and link specific conditions, characteristics, or practices within those cases to particular outcomes.QCA aims to identify and examine multiple configurations of conditions necessary for specific outcomes, whether desired or undesired.As an alternative to disaggregating cases into separate analytical aspects, QCA treats potential configurations as cases, proving useful for educational researchers, sociologists, political scientists, and economists interested in studying complex phenomena on a large scale (Bingham et al., 2019).Meanwhile, data sources are crucial for researchers as the accuracy in selecting and determining data sources will subsequently determine the accuracy and depth of the obtained data.Primary data sources in qualitative research are words and actions; others are considered additional data.Data sources in qualitative research include humans, events or activities, places/locations, and documents (photos, images, files, archives, letters).Data for this research were obtained from BPBD and hotspot statistical data from the BNPB website.

DISCUSSION
Natural disasters are phenomena whose impacts are felt by all living beings, including humans, animals, and plants.Therefore, appropriate collaborative efforts among all institutions in the form of a penta helix are required.Collaboration within the Penta helix model involves parties of academia, business, communities, government, and mass media.Pentahelix collaboration can be carried out in three stages: pre-disaster, disaster response, and post-disaster (Yulianto, Sugeng, et al., 2021).The pre-disaster stage includes preparedness, early warning, and mitigation, while the disaster response stage involves emergency response, and the final stage, post-disaster, includes rehabilitation and reconstruction.Viewed from the perspective of businesses or corporations, the problem is that companies sometimes forcibly open land by burning vacant land covered with wild grass, such as for oil palm plantations.In handling cases like this, decisive action from the government is needed to impose sanctions if fires occur due to companies deliberately clearing land for their business interests without considering the long-term impacts that can damage the ecosystem.
The role of the Community in pentahelix collaboration is to act as an accelerator in combating forest and land fires.Communities can contribute by educating the public through campaign movements or conducting workshops on how to act correctly in the event of a fire and manage fire risks appropriately.One form of community empowerment is the existence of the Community Care for Fire (MPA).MPA itself is a volunteer group concerned with fire control.Before engaging in fire prevention, the Fire and Disaster Management Agency trains and trains MPA members to assist in firefighting processes.e. Mass Media The role of the media from the Penta helix perspective is as a bridge to convey information on forest and land fire prevention from authorities (communicators) to the public (communicants).Continuous discussion on environmental issues needs to be addressed to provide a positive impact throughout society.
The recommended collaboration process involves several stages, such as face-to-face dialogues, which discuss efforts to mitigate forest and land fires, build mutual trust among institutions, commit to consistency for each process, mutual understanding, and agree on discussion outcomes with consensus.

In
Addressing Forest and Land Fires in East Kotawaringin Regency, Collaboration and Socio-Economic Aspects of The Penta Helix Model are Employed ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.5 | p.1-12 | e06812 | 2024.9 The role of academia is to actively contribute ideas based on standardized analyses established by the government.Subsequently, businesses play an active role as designers or drivers of change, particularly in human resources, with the assistance of Information and Communication Technology (ICT).Communities have a role in accelerating facilities to facilitate the transition of business processes into the digital era and actively act as connectors among the relevant Penta helix parties.Furthermore, as written regulations such as laws describe, the government plays an active role as a regulator and coordinates all relevant parties.Lastly, mass media supports all forms of information published digitally through mass media platforms.In the academic realm, a community is known as the Center for International Cooperation in the Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatlands (CIMTROP).The CIMTROP community is one of the units established at Palangka Raya University on September 9, 1998, based on Rector's Decree No. 2153/PT31/H/I/1998 as a research center.2016, this unit formed six research divisions, including water (hydrology), biodiversity, agronomy, conservation, restoration, and fire and emissions.CIMTROP has 10 to 15 patrol team members who have also been assisted by the Fire Quick Response Team (TSAK) in Palangka Raya for the past 20 years.The number of members in one TSAK team is usually 30 people, depending on the extent of the area affected by the fire.The number of members in this team is twice that of what is stipulated for the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (KKP) as written in the Regulation of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia No. P.32/MenLHK/Setjen/Kum.1/3/2016(Ministry of Environment and Forestry Regulation, 2016).
___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.5 | p.1-12 | e06812 | 2024.11 forest and land fires by coordinating with other institutions such as BMKG, TNI, POLRI, MPA, Manggala Agni, and others.BPBD always coordinates with BMKG regarding disaster mitigation by studying and analyzing the potential for forest fire disasters to estimate the following steps to minimize casualties.
In Addressing Forest and Land Fires in East Kotawaringin Regency, Collaboration and Socio-Economic Aspects of The Penta Helix Model are Employed East Kotawaringin Regency is one of the regencies in the Central Kalimantan Province established by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia based on Law Number 27 of 1959.
___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.|Miami|v.18.n.5 | p.1-12 | e06812 | 2024.4 fact, due to the unhealthy air quality, the neighboring country distributed half a million face masks to residents of Sarawak, a state in Malaysia (CNBC, 2019).As a result of the haze, local governments eventually closed more than 409 schools to minimize the smoke's adverse effects on students.sub-districts,withapopulation of 426,176 people in 2015.Every year, during the dry season, the entire area of East Kotawaringin Regency is always covered with haze originating from land burning activities or forest and land fires.The haze generated not only decreases air quality at the local level but also contributes to the decline in air quality at the national and even ASEAN regional levels, with Central Kalimantan and neighboring areas also playing a part.The collaboration leverages resources from non-governmental sectors such as the private sector/industry, universities/academia, non-governmental organizations, media, and other actors who possess resources that may not necessarily be held by the government to help solve public issues(Wijaya et al., 2023).The variable of collaboration that does not function effectively constitutes a factor in the problem of forest and land fires.Yusuf et al. ( In Addressing Forest and Land Fires in East Kotawaringin Regency, Collaboration and Socio-Economic Aspects of The Penta Helix Model are EmployedThe role of the government begins with the initial steps taken by the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD), which always coordinates with the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) regarding disaster mitigation by studying and analyzing the potential for forest fire disasters.BMKG is tasked with monitoring atmospheric dynamics analysis, rainfall analysis, hotspots, FFMC recap, daily weather forecasts, and seasonal forecasts in East Kotawaringin Regency, which are then summarized and provided to BPBD. .Community The role of the Community in pentahelix collaboration is as an accelerator in mitigating forest and land fires.Communities can contribute, including educating the public through campaign movements or conducting workshops on the proper actions to take in case of fire and how to manage fire risks properly.Furthermore, the role of the Community can also involve providing easily accessible firefighting equipment to local communities and contributing to the construction of simple fire stations in fire-prone areas.d.Government.The government's contribution to mitigating forest and land fires in East Kotawaringin Regency includes the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD), which acts as the central figure or coordinator and is responsible for efforts to mitigate In Addressing Forest and Land Fires in East Kotawaringin Regency, Collaboration and Socio-Economic Aspects of The Penta Helix Model are Employed ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.5 | p.1-12 | e06812 | 2024.10 a. Academia The contribution of academia in pentahelix collaboration is as a conceptualizer.Academia has the right and responsibility to participate in developing new concepts or ideas involving research activities and analytical thinking and contribute to mitigating forest and land fires.As researchers, academia must also be able to create new knowledge through various research, experiments, and data analysis that can be formulated into logical conclusions that can be applied in community life.b.Business/Private Sector The contribution of businesses in the Penta helix context is generally an enabler in both technology and innovation, as well as training.In developing technology and innovation, businesses can contribute to developing firefighting equipment programs and fire monitoring systems to respond to fires more quickly.c