SMART SUSTAINABLE CITIES: A META-ANALYSIS OF CONCEPTS AND DISCOURSES IN THE LITERATURE

Objective: Establish a descriptive correlation between different concepts of Smart and Sustainable Cities, in terms of theoretical and empirical foundations and assumptions. Method: The analysis is mixed, using a Systematic Literature Review and the PSALSAR methodology - Protocol, Search, Appraisal, Syntesis, Analysis and Results. The searches were carried out on four international scientific databases and one national database, with an interdisciplinary focus, involving the areas of Social Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Computer Sciences, Engineering and Energy. Research Significance: The idea of making cities smart and sustainable arises from looking for solutions in the places where the majority of the population is concentrated, along with the opportunities and threats to provide sustainable development. However, the concepts and structures relating to these cities are unclear, and there is still divergent discussion about which technologies have a positive impact on society and what their effects are on the sustainability of the planet. Results and Discussion: The approaches and discourses are aligned with the concept of sustainable development, but implementation in practice depends on government policies. Several counterpoints were found in the discourses analysed, including the fact that smart cities are not necessarily sustainable, and even in cities labelled as smart and sustainable, the lack of an environmental focus was highlighted.


INTRODUCTION
The majority of the population lives in large urban centers and these are the planet's economic engine, producing 80% of the global Gross Domestic Product -GDP (International Energy Agency, 2020, online).The Fifth Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC (2014) reports that in 1900, with a global population of 1.6 billion, only 13% of this lived in urban areas.As of 2011, however, more than 52% of the world's population about 3.6 billion live in these areas.The trend for 2050 is that up to 69% of the world's population will live in urban areas (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014).
Interestingly, cities have a large part of the population, but occupy only around 2% of the Earth's 3 surface, consuming, however, between 60 and 80% of global energy and are, and are, more vulnerable to climate change (Hoornweg et al. , 2011;International Energy Agency, 2020; On the other hand, Clement (2023) states that cities are the place where opportunities and threats to provide sustainable development come together, in this way, they have a crucial role in the fight against climate change and in limiting the increase in temperature of up to 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels, which is the global target defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC (2018).Bibri (2017) argues that the urban environment is associated with numerous environmental, social and economic impacts, including the unsustainable use of energy and the respective emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHG), environmental degradation, inadequate urban planning, segregation social issues and disruptions related to ineffective mobility and accessibility, increased transportation needs and traffic congestion, decreased public health and safety, among others.Adding to this are the old, non-automated or non-digital infrastructures within cities, which add technical and physical problems to the population (Bibri, 2017).Bibri (2017) continues to point out that to overcome the intractable problems mentioned, an unprecedented paradigm shift is required -that is, new ways of thinking in a long-term perspective with regard to the conception, planning and development of infrastructure, operation and functional forms of cities.There is an urgent need to develop, apply and integrate innovative solutions in the area of urban planning and development (Bibri & Krogstie, 2017).
One of the ways to integrate these solutions is the so-called Smart Cities.Nam & Pardo (2011, p. 185, emphasis added) consider that if "each city shapes its technological, organizational and political aspects, a smart city can be a contextualized interaction between technological, managerial and organizational innovation and innovation policy".
Evolving from the concept of Smart Cities, the combined concept of Smart and Sustainable Cities was proposed as a way of responding to criticism that Smart Cities are not necessarily sustainable (Ahvenniemi et al., 2017;Höjer & Wangel, 2015).Essentially, urban sustainability and intelligence are combined, "emphasizing that both aspects must be considered simultaneously" (Huovila et al., 2019, p. 142).
The smart and sustainable concepts, however, have been used interchangeably in cities, being considered means that can lead to sustainability.Antolin et al. (2020) argue that these are not synonymous: sustainability is an objective in itself, but intelligence represents the use of technologies in the city as a whole, from a comprehensive and integrated perspective.These authors propose that a Smart and Sustainable City is an advantageous city with an economically

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sustainable and environmentally responsible urban environment, with a high quality of life for all its citizens, using Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in a highly efficient way.
In this context, of conflicting terminology, based on this overview of the main concepts of Smart and Sustainable Cities, with the aim of establishing the descriptive correlation between those commonly used, based on a mixed research approach, described in the next Section, we establish some networks of connections between publications on the topic were created, analyzing the content of publications on Smart and Sustainable Cities in order to obtain a transversal view of what is being researched in the various selected instances, the subject of the Results and Discussions Section.Almeida and Damian (2024, p. 6) state that "although many studies are carried out in isolation, scientific research is a community enterprise".The increase in the number of research results in an exponential increase in scientific publications, requiring researchers to carry out successive informative and integrative reviews that provide detailed and updated syntheses of a given field of investigation, with a view to maintaining thematic updating.On the one hand, this reality brings constant renewal to researchers, on the other hand, it results in the emergence of a vast array of new methods to synthesize a highly heterogeneous investigation (Nagawa et al., 2019).In this study, the Systematic Literature Review and meta-analysis were used to investigate the concepts of Smart and Sustainable Cities, in order to establish the descriptive correlation between such concepts, that is, the effective relationship between the terms, starting from initially from the analysis of co-occurrences.Co-occurrence is understood as the recurring presence of terms in a text, or in different texts (Bardin, 2016;Whittaker, 1989).According to Whittaker (1989, p. 473), the thematic analysis of co-occurring words is based on four pillars: "(i) scientific authors carefully choose the scientific terminology to be used to represent their concepts; (ii) the observation of the recurrence of a term in the same article reveals relevance and non-triviality; (iii) repeated use in different texts by different authors represents significance of the content for the topic in question and (iv) validated keywords can be reliable indicators of the representativeness of a scientific concept."

METHODOLOGY
The research was carried out in three international scientific databases Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science and a national database Scielo using the PSALSAR methodology -Acronym for Protocol, Search, Appraisal, Synthesis, Analysis and Results (Mengist et al. , 2020).This method helps content analysis with a mixed approach in RSLs.The PSALSAR procedure adds two new steps protocol and results report in a SALSA (Search, Appraisal, Synthesis, Analysis) structure, whose method has four steps: (i) search (define search sequence and types of databases) , (ii) evaluation (inclusion and exclusion of pre-defined literature and quality assessment criteria), (iii) synthesis (extracting and categorizing the data) and (iv) analysis (narrating the result and finally reaching the conclusion) (Gunnasdottir et al., 2020;Mengist et al., 2020).
The Protocol describes the procedure followed, corresponding to this Section -Methodologyand the Report communicates the findings to the public, related to the Results Section.At this stage, three questions were formulated to be answered in the research to present an overview of the main concepts of Smart and Sustainable Cities, following the concept of descriptive correlation, from the perspective of Bardin (2016).We sought to respond: ✓ RQ 1 What are the discourses adopted in the most widespread concepts of Smart and Sustainable Cities?
✓ RQ 2 What evidence, omissions and discursive conflicts were raised in the conceptual analysis?
✓ RQ 3 What is the real descriptive correlation between the concepts used?
To arrive at the answers, three specific objectives were defined: (i) analyze the articles selected in the literature searches; (ii) identify the main discourses developed and (iii) establish numerically and graphically the recurring keywords in the selected textsmeta-analysis.
The searches were carried out between December 2023 and February 2024, and were initially carried out without filters, surveying the number of publications in the chosen databases.In a second phase of the search, filters were applied for year (from 2018 onwards), type of publication (review and research articles) and research areas (Social, Environmental, Technological Sciences, Ecological and Urban Studies and Interdisciplinary), in order to limit and direct the number of articles for the evaluation phase (Appraisal).
The number of publications found in the first and second stages of PSALSAR is presented in Table 1, listing the bases used and the keywords defined in this research using additional area, year and type of publication filters, as already mentioned.It is observed that there is a significant number of publications with the words "smart cities" -95740and "sustainable cities" -21771together with the 4 bases, without the filters, but when searching with the combined word "smart sustainable cities" the number of publications drops to less than 1% of the publications previously found, that is, 1225.7 focus of this work.At this stage, the evaluation lenses were directed especially at publications dedicated to Systematic Literature Review, bibliometric and scientometric analysis and the concepts of smart and sustainable cities.
From reading, using the Snowball procedure, 4 articles were added to the selection.The articles separated in the evaluation phase were read and analyzed in order to highlight the concepts of Smart Sustainable Cities recommended by the authors of the works listed and the contributions and results of each publication, described in the Results Section.Table 2 summarizes the numbers of publications evaluated and selected.In the Synthesis -Appraisal stagegeneral information about the articles was collected, including title and authors of the publication, year of publication, types of methodology applied and which concepts of Smart and Sustainable Cities were used, with the purpose of establishing the descriptive correlation between the concepts used.
Two content analysis and correlation tools were used, namely NVivo14 to perform mining and analysis of selected texts, counting the frequency of appearance of selected words context / heuristicsand Vosviewer, a software for creating, visualizing and exploring the main words related in publications (Van Eck & Waltman, 2023), with the creation of maps based on network data.Sections of this information are presented in the Results Section.
Having listed the concepts of the synthesis stage, the discourses adopted by the researchers were treated in the analysis.At this stage, the focus was mainly on the terminology applied by the authors of the publications, assuming that if there are different concepts, there are different correlations and, therefore, different formulations emerge for the concept in question.
The analysis phase also included the evaluation of the synthesized data and the extraction of significant resulting information, seeking answers to the three questions formulated from the discussions and inferences.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
To fulfill the main objective of this research -to establish the descriptive correlation between the concepts of Smart and Sustainable Cities -Smart Sustainable Cities, 271 publications were retrieved -of which only 23 effectively dealt with Systematic Literature Review and concepts related to the topic Smart Sustainable Cities -Table 2. These articles show similarity in words, that is, they can be grouped by similar characteristics, a fact demonstrated with the generation of clusters based on the Pearson Correlation Coefficient (p).
NVivo Software automatically builds these clusters.Therefore, the selected articles can be analyzed in an effective and relational way.The close colors and the size of the bracket in the dendrogram allow this assertion -Figure 1.

Organization of Articles by word similarity
In the internal analysis of the articles, it is also possible to observe textual similarity relationships, for example, Sustainable Technologies related to Digital City, Smart Technologies, Sustainable Environment and Sustainable Future -Figure 2, qualifying such cooccurrences.

Excerpt from the Cluster Analysis of Publications Selected in the Research
The co-occurrence of Terms was sequentially identified.The 10 most frequent words were city (and similar to cities), the most cited with 8190 co-occurrences, followed by smart with 5655 records, with energy being the one with the lowest number of records -Figure 2:

Figure 4
Network map for Smart Sustainable Cities (Scopus Base) Once the most recurring words, their connections and correlations have been found, the publications and main authors in the area of Smart Sustainable Cities have been selected, we begin to deal with the concepts in order to answer the research questions.There is no consensus and not a single concept for Smart and Sustainable Cities, as expected and recurrently cited (Bibri & Krogstie (2017, 2024); Bibri (2018); Ahvenniemi & Huovila (2021).However, it was identified in the analyzes that the concept of the International From a sociotechnical perspective, Bibri (2018) states that a Smart and Sustainable City is a complex set, composed of a social fabric and a web of networks of relationships between several synergistic groups of clusters of urban entities, which seek to develop and implement smart technologies to adopt and disseminate innovative solutions applied to promote sustainability.Bibri (2018), also discusses sustainable development goals and urban planning, the way in which urban systems can function and be managed, fed, predominantly, by the intensive application of Big Data and to promote decision-making oriented to the contribution of cities for sustainability.
In line with the concept of Sustainable Development and to achieve the proposed goals,

Clement et al. (2023) carried out a documentary analysis on Smart and Sustainable
Cities with the strategies related to them and how, and if, the content found in such documents could support the achievement of the SDGs goals.In the analysis carried out, Smart and Sustainable Cities strategies support, with an average of 63%, SDG 11 (Clement et al., 2023).
The main conclusions are that strategies for smart cities promote sustainable development According to the label given to Smart and Sustainable Cities, the intensive use of technologies is their main characteristic - (Bibri, 2021;Cai et al., 2023) It is noteworthy that those who make use of technologies and those who feed the bases are the citizens of cities and in some way they must be, and feel, benefited from these resources (Bibri, 2021;Karal et al., 2024).Bibri (2021) asserts that Big Data technologies are redefining sustainable urbanism in a profound and irreversible way, introducing innovative approaches to understanding, planning and managing cities focused on sustainability.According to Bibri (2021), the constantly evolving development planning techniques and operational management mechanisms enabled by smart data-based technologies play a crucial role in boosting and maintaining the commitment of sustainable cities to sustainability goals in the face of the growth of cities.
However, Bibri et al. (2024), warn that there are critical issues, such as the risk that datadriven smart sustainable cities will become excessively technocentric and technocratic as they  2024).However, gaps, omissions and conflicts emerge from the analysis, discussed sequentially.

Conceptual Analysis?
Considering that the concept of Smart and Sustainable Cities evolved as a counterpoint to criticisms about the statement that urban sustainability and intelligence are not compatible, it is expected, primarily, that they make efficient use of their resources to resolve such inconsistency (Ahvenniemi et al ., 2017;Wangel, 2015; Therefore, the alignment of the concept of sustainable development advocated by Bruntland (1987), based on the three dimensions -environmental, economic and social -with the concept of Smart City development helps to improve all three dimensions and it can be considered that the development of Smart and Sustainable Cities are a way to achieve sustainable development in the preliminary vision of Höjer and Wangel, (2015) and Ahvenniemi et al. (2017).Thus, economic, social and environmental gains must be sought jointly, simultaneously and in a planned manner (Bhattacharya, 2020).However, the recurring concept aligned with the dimensions of sustainability indicates that there is still a lot to research in relation to the topic of Smart and Sustainable Cities.
Regarding the topic of energy, energy efficiency and the use of renewable sources in To assess similarities and differences between the concepts of Sustainable Cities and Smart Cities, as well as related assessment frameworks, by comparing existing performance measurement systems, Ahvenniemi et al. (2017) concluded that there is a large gap between the evaluation structures of Smart and Sustainable Cities in relation to Sustainability, corroborating that the ICT solutions of Smart Cities with the typologies and design concepts of Sustainable Cities can contribute to achieving the goals sustainable development within the scope of Sustainable Smart Cities.Bibri & Krostie (2017) show an interesting counterpoint between the concepts of Smart and Sustainable Cities and do not agree that these concepts are completely aligned, stating that there is a misunderstanding about this connection -Figure 5.The counterpoints presented by Bibri & Krostie (2017) are aligned with Höjer & Wangel's (2015) statement that the practical use of the concept of smart and sustainable cities requires the development and implementation of robust evaluation methods and practices indicators/metrics to ensure that these cities are of smart and sustainable.

Figure 5
Counterpoints between smart and sustainable cities  de Bibri & Krostie (2017) In this context, Ahvenniemi & Huovilla (2021) questioned how cities promote sustainability and intelligence in six Finnish cities.The results suggest that most of the objectives present in city strategies are related to economic and social sustainability, while the environmental part is less highlighted, reinforcing the difficulty in implementing both concepts.
The speech by Antolin et al. (2020) that a sustainable smart city is an advantageous city with sustainable urban development from an economic point of view, environmentally responsible, with a high quality of life for all its citizens, using information and communication technologies in a highly efficient way, aligned According to the ITU (2016) concept, it is apparently a concept that cannot be put into practice, due to the fact that the policies are either not sufficient, or are not implemented effectively.
An exhaustive reading of the publications refers, as already highlighted, to the use of Information Technologies, Big Data and the Internet of Things, and that these tools should lead to the environmental sustainability of cities. Karal & Soyer (2023) emphasize that the number and variety of services offered by cities are also other important aspects, but the access provided to citizens can become a critical issue.For a city to improve the quality of life of its citizens, many physical and digital services must be made available.However, these services increase energy consumption drastically.Therefore, studies could also focus on the use of renewable energy sources so as not to compromise the sustainability of cities.
There are several counterpoints in the discourses analyzed, smart cities are not necessarily sustainable and even in cities labeled as smart and sustainable, the deficiency of environmental focus was highlighted, as highlighted by Ahvenniemi & Huovilla (2021).
Therefore, there is an opportunity for research and analysis of the performance and measurement of the real condition of intelligence and sustainability of cities labeled as such.

RQ 3 What is the Real Descriptive Correlation Between the Concepts Used?
The various concepts applied to Smart and Sustainable Cities refer to the concept of sustainable development advocated by Bruntland (1987), based on the tripod environmental economic social, although they are not unanimous on which paths cities can follow towards the path of intelligence and of sustainability.According to the analyzes carried out in this research, the concepts of smart and sustainable cities converge, and to a certain extent exhaustively, in the recurring use of Information and Communication Technologies, Big Data, Sustainability and Technologies.
In the analysis by Cai et al. (2023) in 103 Cities in the United States of America, smart cities generally score higher on sustainability outcomes than non-smart cities. Cai et al., state that when controlling for population size and geographic region, the involvement of smart cities is positively associated with economic sustainability outcomes.Digital solutions can improve the efficiency of service provision in cities, as they need to serve an increasing population with limited resources due to rapid urbanization, according to an analysis of Finnish cities carried out by Ahvenniemi & Huovila (2021).
On the other hand, some publications align the concepts listed with the Sustainable Development Goals (Antolin et al., 2020;Corsi et al. 2022;Clement et al., 2023;Karal & Soyer, 2023) from the perspective that these have objectives and measurable goals, which can facilitate the assessment of the real stage of development in relation to intelligence and sustainability.
The terms that stood out in the co-occurrence analyzes -Big data, ICT, IoT, among others, are therefore the strategies to make cities smart and sustainable, improve the lives of their inhabitants and provide a path towards sustainability.
The term Sustainable Smart City describes a city that widely and intensively uses advanced Information and Communication Technologies -ICT -.These technologies are connected to various urban systems and domains, being integrated in a complex and coordinated way.This allows the city to manage its available resources in a safe, sustainable and efficient way, aiming to improve economic and social results.The integration between smart and sustainable cities could be further explored and developed, both conceptually and politically, due to the multiplicity and diversity of existing definitions for both categories of cities.
Smart and Sustainable Cities represent an innovative approach to urban planning and development, incorporating advanced technologies to improve the quality of life of inhabitants while reducing environmental impact.The associated characteristics and words highlighted in searches are Integration of Advanced Technologies: Smart and Sustainable Cities use advanced ICT, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), data analysis, artificial intelligence and real-time monitoring systems.These technologies allow for more efficient management of urban resources, such as energy, improved transport systems, water and waste.In short, Smart and Sustainable Cities represent a systemic, future-oriented approach to urban development, combining planning, research and technological innovation with sustainable practices to create more efficient, livable and inclusive urban environments.

CONCLUSIONS
This study involved the exploration of an extensive and wide range of literature in the areas of Social Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Computer Sciences, Engineering, and Energy, using a Systematic Literature Review supported by the PSALSAR methodology.An expanded view of the concepts applied to Smart and Sustainable Cities was raised and presented in terms of foundations and assumptions selected in the literature.
The results of this interdisciplinary review made it possible to highlight some important points of research in the areas of cities and their relationship with intelligent tools and actions to promote sustainability.As a literature review study, it allows other researchers to pursue their research based on the identified challenges -for example, what urban development policies should be that can contribute to improving urban sustainability with the support of smart ICTs.
The research showed that the approaches and discourses are aligned with the concept of sustainable development, but that implementation in practice depends on government policies.
Several counterpoints were found in the discourses analyzed, including that smart cities are not necessarily sustainable and even in cities labeled as smart and sustainable, the deficiency of environmental focus was highlighted, as highlighted by Bibri & Krostie (2017).Therefore, there is an opportunity for research and analysis of performance and measurement of the real condition of intelligence and sustainability of cities.
It would be important to disseminate the Knowledge Management acquired in cities considered smart and sustainable, promoting advances not only in sustainability issues, but also in social aspects that were not addressed in the publications analyzed in this research.This dissemination of knowledge can help strengthen the understanding and implementation of effective practices that contribute to improving urban sustainability, but also the quality of life and social equity in the city space.

Figure 3
Figure 3Word frequency

3. 1
ANSWERS TO SURVEY QUESTIONS This Section presents the main concepts and discourses highlighted in the literature, as well as counterpoints and contradictions, answering the first question posed: Smart Sustainable Cities: a Meta-Analysis of Concepts and Discourses in the Literature ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.2 | p.1-21 | e06806 | new policies must be implemented to promote economic and social development, improving citizens' quality of life, taking care of the environment and optimizing the use of natural resources.Antolin et al. (2020) state that in today's technology-based society, the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) can and should play a fundamental role in improving sustainability in cities.In the view ofCorsi et al. (2022) the sustainable city model must present sustainable actions to promote more efficient and sustainable urban services and infrastructure and along these lines, smart technologies can be implemented as facilitators, resulting in benefits for the tripod of sustainable economic social environmental development.To face growing global socioeconomic and environmental challenges and ensure better and more sustainable paths for future generations, the United Nations (2015, online) launched the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).The SDG that refers to the theme of Sustainable Cities and Communities is SDG 11: "Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable" (United Nations, 2015, online).This SDG is discussed and cited by several authors, such as Antolin et al. (2020), Corsi et al. (2022), Clement et al. (2023), Cai et al (2023), Karal & Soyer (2023) and Sharifi et al. (2024).Antolin et al. (2020), state that in addition to this specific objective, being a Smart and Sustainable City can also contribute to achieving all the other SDGs.
___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.2 | p.1-21 | e06806 | 2024.13 initiatives on different fronts, programs or initiatives.Although SDG priorities depend on the context of each city, the development of development policies can therefore support several different objectives (economic, social and environmental).Furthermore, according to Clement et al. (2023), strategies are visions with political support, however, they are not predictions of the future and, to implement their objectives, it is also necessary to have capable management, financing and political stability, among other factors.Karal & Soyer (2023)  list the goals of the SDGs, the direction of city development and actions with a positive influence on sustainable cities such as: smart buildings and networks, education, medical and social services and smart and integrated transport services.Sharifi et al. (2024), report that although it is possible to establish indirect links between all SDGs and smart city solutions, their analysis showed that the focus is mainly on: SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), SDG12 (Responsible consumption and production) , SDG 7 (Clean and affordable energy), SDG 6 (Clean water and sanitation) and SDG 4 (Quality education).Sharifi et al. (2024) also emphasize that the contribution towards sustainable development is, in the vast majority of cases, positive, reinforcing the results of the study presented byClement et al. (2023).Cai et al (2023) analyzed 103 American cities and conclude that, in general, smart cities achieve better urban sustainability results than non-smart cities and score higher on SDG achievements.Although the average SDG score of the 103 cities is 48.8, indicating that, on average, they are less than halfway to achieving the SDGsaccording to the ranking developed byCai et al. (2023), smart cities (49.4) have a score 8% higher than nonsmart cities with a percentage of 45.7%.

Smart
Sustainable Cities: a Meta-Analysis of Concepts and Discourses in the Literature ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.2 | p.1-21 | e06806 | 2024.14 develop, in addition to other concerns related to social and environmental sustainability.Addressing these contemporary concerns is critical to achieving desired sustainability outcomes in the era of data-driven scientific urbanism.According to the ideas presented, Smart and Sustainable Cities technologies and approaches point towards the path of sustainability, even if there are conflicts with excessive consumption of energy and technologies, for example.The use of data in analyzing city problems can assist in more sustainable urban planning.The application of the SDGs also promotes the smart and sustainable development of cities, as demonstrated by several authors (Antolin et al. (2020), Corsi et al. (2022), Clement et al. (2023), Cai et al. (2023) , Karal & Soyer (2023) and Sharifi et al. ( Smart and Sustainable Cities,Clement et al. (2023) state that smart cities play an important role in advancing other types of infrastructure, such as green infrastructure, and note that energy infrastructure that values urban energy conservation must be developed.Antolin et al. (2020)    cite energy efficiency in their analysis of an Urban Regeneration Model, and validated in the project's three focus cities (Valladolid, in Spain, Nottingham, in the United Kingdom and Tepebaşı/Eskisehir-Turkey), accelerating the implementation of technologies innovative and organizational and economic solutions to improve the use of resources and energy efficiency, improve the sustainability of urban transport and drastically reduce Greenhouse Gas emissions.In this context,Sodiq et al. (2019) bring a specific session on the topic of renewable energy and another on energy efficiency, arguing that its implementation is one of the easiest and safest ways to achieve the SDGs.In conclusion, Sodiq et al. state that the success of efficiency and penetration of renewable energy is still directly or indirectly linked to global policies, but equally to the human factors variable, which is difficult to measure and control, since people have very different lifestyle habits, whether in commercial and residential buildings(Sodiq et al., 2019).Bibri (2021) points out topics associated with knowledge gaps in the area of data-driven smart and sustainable cities, and among the gaps he cites (i) Analysis and forecasting of sustainable energy production and consumption patterns; (ii) Data-driven analysis and forecasting of sustainable energy demands; and (iii) Intelligent data-based approaches for strategic planning of energy modernization of buildings, among others.In another publication,Bibri & Krogstie (2017) highlight energy, stating that there are many opportunities for sustainable smart cities to consciously leverage the use of technologies in the context they will play in several important areas, including energy, environment, education, health, services public and public security.

Table 1
Search results in the databases Continuing with the PSALSAR Methodology, in stage 3 of Assessment, the Titles and Summaries of publications filtered with the word "smart sustainable cities" were read, the main Smart Sustainable Cities: a Meta-Analysis of Concepts and Discourses in the Literature ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.2 | p.1-21 | e06806 | 2024.

Table 2
Summary of review and article selection Höjer and Wangel (2015) ITU (2016), one of the United Nations Agencies specializing in Information and Communication Technologies, is the most cited and used in the literature analyzed: of the 23 articles selected, 11 mention the concept in question, although not necessarily , adopt it.So, although the term Smart and Sustainable Cities has been used relatively recently, since 2010 sparsely, as a label for cities, in 2016, with a view to standardization, Smart and Sustainable Cities were treated as:Höjer and Wangel (2015)refer, as already mentioned, to the fact that the concept of a Sustainable Smart City emerged as a response to the important global changes that are occurring around the world with the increase in urbanization combined with the idea of taking advantage of convergence, the ubiquity and potential of ICT in the transition to sustainability in a world with a population that increasingly lives in cities.
Yigitcanlar et al. (2018)uses information and communications technologies (ICTs) and other means to improve the quality of life, the efficiency of urban operations and services, and competitiveness, while ensuring that it meets the needs of present and future generations with economic, social, environmental and cultural aspects" (International Telecommunication Union -ITU, 2016, p. 8, our translation).Notably, this concept is aligned with the Bruntland Report (United Nations, 1987) on Sustainable Development, covering aspects related to future generations, the economy, social and environmental.In addition to presenting a concept for Smart and Sustainable Cities, the ITU (2016) also recognized the transformative potential of ICTs to improve the quality of life and social services in cities, and established a technical specification that prescribes a selection of indicators for assessment that they can function as Key Performance Indicators -KPIsto track the city's progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals and urban sustainability characteristics.However,Yigitcanlar et al. (2018)state that a city cannot be smart without being sustainable, which denotes another resulting problem: the interchangeable use of the concepts Smart Sustainable Cities: a Meta-Analysis of Concepts and Discourses in the Literature ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.2 | p.1-21 | e06806 | 2024.12 of Smart City and Sustainable Smart City in the literature, a fact already pointed out by Bibri & Krogstie (2017) and Karal & Soyer (2023).