EATING HABIT IN CHILDHOOD: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Purpose: One of the consumer groups most targeted by the food industry is children. Food consumption in homes and schools has resulted in overweight and obesity. The objective of this work was to identify food consumption habits in childhood, highlighting the importance of food education from preschool onwards. Methodology: The Systematic Literature Review was used with the support of the Methodi Ordinatio , which selects relevant articles on specific topics, identifying food consumption habits by children in the family and school environment. Results and Discussion: The results reveal a growing concern about healthy and sustainable eating, especially in the context of children. However, there are still gaps in the literature. Food and sustainable education from an early age is essential to ensure healthy habits and reduce the impact on children's health. Parents, schools, companies, researchers, and the State must work together to promote healthy and sustainable eating for children, aiming for a healthy and sustainable future for the next generations. Implications of the Research: It is expected that the results presented will serve as input for future studies and, research on the topic of infant nutrition and contribute to positive changes. Originality and Value: The research innovates in presenting a research agenda based on studies carried out in English literature and interventions carried out in the family and school environment in Australia, Canada, and the United States of America.


INTRODUCTION
Because they are easy to access and practical for consumption, children's snacks can contain high levels of sodium and fat, unlike healthy eating (Ciurzyńska et al., 2019;Cohen et al, 2021).
Global concern about healthy food intake has become a focus of portfolio diversification and revenue for food companies and a concern of consumers (Wambo & Otieno, 2019).
When facing this problem, some companies change their plans to insert healthy products, but not always a food for an adult serves for a child.Along with food, the packaging accompanies the life and development of these children.Snacks with different flavors, models and colors are attractive, but not always healthy, and packaging has an impact on the environment (Langley et al, 2021).
Information released in the media favors the ingestion of food in plastic packaging, box juices, bullets and cookies with an attractive design, mainly for children, resulting in parents giving in to please their children or even by the practicality of the snack packaging that will be ready for consumption (Lir & Perevalov, 2019).
Running life may reflect the lack of care of parents in the orientation of children regarding healthy eating, as well as the absence of perception of care for the environment.This culture is created within the home and starts with purchasing planning, garbage separation and waste of perishable food, which is often exchanged for unhealthy food (Stefan, 2013).
A developing child is in full energy and caloric spending.In the childhood age, it is time to learn and discover the world around you and, mainly, understand that this same world needs your care.This includes healthy eating, social coexistence with other children and care for the environment (Guilamón et al 2017).
Research by Lir and Perevalov (2019) shows that the foods consumed by children in preschool are not nutritious, a reflection of what happens in their homes.In the Englishspeaking countries addressed in this review, it is parents who prepare the snacks that children take to schools.

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The upheaval of modern life and the dynamics of children in families and school environment result in the lack of awareness among adults and children about nature, social environment and food education (Roberts-Gray et al., 2018).
The media can encourage the consumption of food with attractive packaging.Lir and Perevalov (2019) indicate that the entry of the media into the homes of several families directly influences the preference and choice of food, transforming an unhealthy food into a food that transmits pleasure, but can bring environmental impact (Mcandrew, 2012).As a large proportion of children feed in the school environment, whether public or private, they may or may not consume healthy foods, most often accompanied by packaging.Litterbach et al. (2017) report that low-income families in Australia watch TV during meals.In this case, TV can be used as a tool to promote food education and encourage healthy lifestyle habits.
Given the relevance of the theme, this work aimed to conduct a literature review on the habit of eating snacks in children's schools, as well as to analyze the role of parents and the school environment in the supply of food to this specific public.The articles, the focus of the study, are from international literature, the vast majority being in English, portraying the state of the art of the theme in countries such as Australia, Canada and the United States of America.

THEORETICAL FRAME
The intake of healthy foods has occupied the minds of specialists and rulers in the world, concerned with health and childhood obesity that grows with the consumption of unhealthy foods (Lir & Perevalov, 2019).These characteristics of societies reflect models of cultures and habits often disseminated among children (Salazar et al., 2022).
When the child is born, its first feeding is maternal milk, recommended for all babies up to six months of age at the minimum.As the child grows, the ingestion of solid foods is introduced to its consumption (Mcandrew, 2012).When it is more mature, it discovers the power of choice, which becomes a factor of concern of nutritional and environmental scope, because it does not yet possess cognitive knowledge for healthy food consumption, depending on the orientations of parents and/or caregivers and teachers (Salazar et al., 2022).
Inside the home, the child is fed according to the behavior of the parents, at which time the children discover new food textures and new flavors.The consumption of foods such as fruit, vegetables and meat may be replaced by those of colorful, often unhealthy packaging (Stefan, 2013).This same author mentions in his article purchasing planning, the principle of eating at home.

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The planning on eating healthy foods starts with the acquisition by the parents and the child only follows what is offered (Stefan, 2013).In this sense, parents are responsible for creating eating habits and are important agents of change to a healthy diet (Siew et al., 2017;Litterbach et al., 2017;Romo-Palafox et al., 2018, 2018).
In private schools, children bring home snacks that are considered unhealthy, such as cookies, sweets, industrialized juices, soft drinks and fried foods, purchased by their parents.
These snack options can be replaced, in a positive parental intervention by fruit, healthy sandwiches and fruit juice, reducing the impact on obesity (Lir & Perevalov, 2019;Poudevigne et al, 2019).
In public schools, food is taken care of by the State, which has the role of creating a nutritional menu with the support of a specialist.In this case, the health impacts are enormous, associated with physical education classes (Siew et al., 2017, Poudevigne et al, 2019, Cohen et al, 2021).In addition, Siew et al. (2017) report that the school guidelines for healthy canteens favor the intake of fruit, natural sandwiches and fruit juice, avoiding the sale of soft drinks, fried and fatty salty salty, an opinion shared by Pond et al. (2018).Roberts-Gray et al. (2017) report high content of low nutritional quality items placed by parents in their children's lunchboxes.Ciurzyńska et al. (2019) conceptualize snack as unhealthy food those that when eaten cause harm to health, being products of easy acquisition, quick ingestion, ready to eat and small, but with high calorie, sodium and sugar.An example of a fast, small, and unhealthy food is snacks, high-sodium biscuits, fats, and few nutrients that are consumed by both children and adolescents, resulting in poor food quality.The education of the child, within the family and school environment, with the insertion of fruit in its snack, creates healthy habits in relation to the intake of fruit and vegetables, a fact that is not always well accepted by the children's public, but are great options both for snacks and meals (Mentel et al., 2018).Roberts-Gray et al. (2018), report an 18% increase in vegetable consumption in snack, after multiple intervention.
Along the same lines as food education, sustainable education must be incorporated into family and school culture.Very little is said about sustainability in schools as well as the dissemination of such a subject, and due to this, one notices a lack of interest on the part of parents in relation to the environmental impact caused inside the home, with regard to the handling of packaging, food waste, lack of preservation and the saving of water and light by such individuals (Roberts-Gray et al., 2018).Langley et al. (2021), in a survey conducted in Australia with consumers, noted that the reduction of plastic packaging was considered a more It is worth emphasizing that the principle of food and sustainable education is at home and in schools and if it is being carried out in a correct and healthy way it can avoid future problems.Cohen et al (2021) reports that most public schools in the United States have healthy eating, containing vegetables, fruit juices and whole-grain breads, and are advised by nutrition professionals.MacVey et al (2007) report that controlled intervention performed in Toronto-Canada schools with sixth-and seventh-year-olds reduced eating disorders among girls by reducing the impact of media on the feeding of this age group.

METHODOLOGY
This is an exploratory study, of an applied nature and a qualitative approach, with the objetive of identifying and analyzing the researches that deal with the influence of poor child nutrition on the increase in overweight and childhood obesity.As a technical procedure, the systematic literature review was used, with the presentation of the results in graphs and tables.
The systematic review was chosen, using the multi-criteria method Methodi Ordinatio (M.O.) to better suit the specific investigation procedures of the theme, analyzing quality and seeking scientific evidence, established by Pagani, Kovaleski & Resende, 2015.The methodology for selecting portfolios, Methodi Ordinatio, which uses an equation to classify articles, the Index Ordinatio (InOrdinatio), aims to select and classify articles according to their scientific relevance.
The method takes into consideration the main factors to be considered in a scientific article: the impact factor of the journal in which the article was published, the number of citations and the year of publication (Pagani et al., 2015).
It is important to emphasize that the task of classification is carried out before the systematic analysis, so that the importance of the work is recognized in the initial stages of the process (Pagani et al., 2015).
In this sense, the systematic review better covers the topic, resulting in mapping and synthesis of the most relevant research (Koberg & Longoni, 2019).Databases such as CAPES, WebScience, Google Scholar and PubMed were used to select the relevant articles.7

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The importance of a healthy life has gained strength in recent years.The intake of healthy foods has become part of the diet of many families and physical activity has gained importance, prolonging life and reducing health problems.Australian families exhibit healthy behaviors during meals, creating opportunities to promote eating habits with nutritional quality (Litterbach et al., 2017).
Family education in partnership with school education has an impact on eating habits and physical activity that improve children's quality of life and development (Mentel et al., 2018;Poudevigne et al., 2019, Kauret al., 2020).Pond et al (2018) report how the use of the app, called Mobile Healthy, positively impacted on the type and nutritional quality of food placed in children's lunchboxes, in schools in New South Wales -Australia, in an intervention carried out over four months.Authors report that 30% of snacks prepared by parents are unbalanced, lacking fruit and wholegrain foods.In Texas, United States, work carried out in 30 schools, reaching more than 1,500 families, using the app promoted changes in the diet of adults and children.The authors point out that more than 85% of families have smart phones.Therefore, the use of technology can help promote healthier children's diets, improving the quality of life of many families.Cohen et al (2021) report that in the United States 95% of public schools participate in School Feeding Programs managed by the Department of Agriculture (USDA).Approximately 30 million children eat meals in schools daily, and 75% of students come from low-income families, depending on the school to supply half of the energy needed daily.Therefore, the school environment has a privileged position in the promotion of healthy habit in the consumption of food by children.
Figure 1 shows research carried out mainly in English-speaking countries and the classification of the equation InOrdinatio.Systematization of information on research related to child nutrition, food education and healthy eating practices regarding school and community contexts can be observed in Figure 2.
Each work presented in this table is detailed with information on title, authors, year of publication, main topic, methodological approach, main findings and results, as well as practical implications and limitations (areas) for the conduct of future research.

Figure 2
Comparative table of selected articles, containing theme, methodological approach, main findings, practical implications and limitations.Still bringing studies about the surroundings of children and adolescents, Steeves et al.
(2016) report on the impact of family and friends on children's and adolescents' food choices.
The authors state that in the perception of the children interviewed the parents exert positive influence on their choices.However, friends have a negative influence and contribute to the increase in the intake of foods with high levels of fats and sugars.
Among the main findings observed in the articles presented in this study, are the effectiveness of the programs for the prevention of eating disorders, the strategies for increasing the consumption of fruit and vegetables, the impact of social support on the quality of the diet, the effects of interventions in supermarkets on sales of healthy foods, among others.These results have important practical implications for the development of interventions and public policies aimed at promoting healthy eating habits for children.
However, such studies identified the need for long-term evaluation of the effectiveness of such interventions, the exploration of effective strategies for different population groups and contexts, and research on additional factors influencing children's dietary choices.
In short, a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on child nutrition and food education, highlighting both the advances and the gaps that still need to be addressed to promote healthy eating in the child audience.
Figure 3 shows the evolution of publications, which serves to follow the growth trends of thinking about child food education.
It can be observed that there is no constant growth sequence in the research over the period from 2002 until 2022, and only from 2017 onwards did the theme show growth.It is believed that this trend will continue due to the relevance of the theme, which may represent an opportunity to fill the gaps in knowledge, developing studies and research, by means of a directed and elaborated agenda based on what is observed in the literature, which can be followed by research bodies and universities.

Figure 3
Evolution of the topic of children's food education over time.
The magazines search for new articles, with important researches for the development of society.In this context, Figure 4 shows the number of publications per magazine.

Figure 4
Publications on children's food education in selected journals.These works bring important research and gaps to be filled, highlighting the importance of sustainable food as a human development factor, which must be established from childhood, providing support to the body and reducing health problems throughout life.In addition to sustainable food, it is essential that children also participate in physical activities, social jokes and interactions, moments of fun and growth for a life in society.An opportunity to integrate healthy eating practices into sustainable education would be to combine the playful with the necessary, as suggested by Altarriba Bertran (2019), involving the child's participation in interdisciplinary culinary processes in schools or through gamification projects.This would contribute to pedagogical development, stimulating autonomy, creativity and the perception of the benefits of healthy eating.
It is important to emphasize that starting the creation of sustainable habits from childhood can result in greater awareness and dissemination of these habits in adult life, facilitating their long-term maintenance and providing better quality of life and longevity.
However, it is not appropriate to seek solutions only in the school environment.It is essential that parents and other family members actively participate in this process in their homes.It is known that the demands of globalization can hinder this routine, leading parents to seek fast and industrialized alternatives such as fast foods, which can result in a harmful diet (Cohen, 2021).
In the various studies in this work, the authors analyzed gaps to be filled, fostering the scientific debate on healthy eating and reduction in the use of packaging in children's consumption.
The set of gaps was separated into four main axes to facilitate the reader's understanding and to verify the existing gap.The presentation of the various gaps and their respective authors can be analyzed in Figure 5.

Figure 5
Gaps and opportunities for new studies observed in the researched articles.

ANALYSIS
Analyze students' ability to raise nutrition awareness levels and help them become healthy and productive adults (Eanes et al., 2019).
Examine students' ability to raise nutrition awareness levels and facilitate transition to adulthood with health and productivity (Wambo & Otieno, 2019).

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Conduct research that covers a larger number of children, prolonging both the intervention and the evaluation of its effectiveness.It is also important to consider other variables, such as the collaboration between parents, health professionals and educators, to assess, prevent and mitigate eating disorders, as well as other diseases associated with poor eating habits, such as childhood obesity (Guillamón et al., 2017).Conduct a longitudinal survey to accompany participants over a longer period (Roberts-Gray et al., 2018).
Research to harness local resources and conduct periodic needs assessments to identify appropriate strategies for improving the food environment in schools (Evans et al., 2021).
Studies of other areas of improvement, such as increasing the daily intake of a variety of vegetables; the inclusion of more foods rich in fiber and whole grains; the celebration of holidays with non-food items; the implementation of standard nutrition programs and weekly physical education; and the development of written, available and monitored nutritional information materials, along with policies to encourage physical activity (Sisson et al., 2012).

PERFORMANC E
Examine the complex relationships between diet quality, race, and socioeconomic level during this important period of transition from childhood to late adolescence (Ross et al., 2020).
Additional studies are needed to explore issues associated with interventions in infant feeding and their impacts (Holmes et al., 2012).
Larger-scale studies are needed to compare various options and evaluate different schools under prevention programs (Mcvey et al., 2007).Future studies at the federal, state and local levels can also assess the resources and skills needed to help struggling schools comply with regulations (Au et al., 2020).
Future studies may need to explore ways to maintain the interest and support of students and schools in participating in longitudinal intervention studies (Pond et al., 2019).Further research is needed to explore and clarify these relationships with improved multidimensional assessment measures, considering sources, situations, and types of social support for adolescents and the factors associated with them.Another important perspective is to gain a better understanding of food quality factors in all adolescents (Steeves et al., 2016).
Studies that address the effectiveness of the innovative experimental learning strategy in improving children's nutritional outcomes are critical (Kaur et al., 2020).

MANAGEMEN T
Comprehensive approach, which includes sustainable education, nutrition intervention programs targeting vulnerable populations and promotion of physical activity to improve children's nutritional status and health in China (Roberts-Gray, C.et al., 2019).
The use of technology to promote healthy eating practices and the responsibility of parents for feeding their children are key aspects, however, there is a lack of representation of parents in this context (Anaya-García & Álvarez-Gallego, 2018).School meal consumption measures may be limited in their sensitivity to detect the degree of change commonly observed in school interventions (Cohen et al, 2021).
Studies are needed to verify the long-term results of children's diets at school (Suwimol & Hataichanok, 2021).
Research is essential to verify the impact of bullying on children and food issues (Burrows, 2010).
Given the significant role of changing eating habits, it is important to investigate children's preferences regarding drinks, complementing this work (RomPalafox et al., 2018).

HABITS
Studies on young people's food purchasing habits should explore changes in the frequency, quantity and types of food they buy (Jónsson & Macdonald, 2021).
There is an opportunity to analyze children's food and monitor the development of their eating habits (Jarrot et al, 2021).
Research is needed in other countries, considering different cultures and eating habits (Kater et al., 2002).It is suggested that future research is needed to investigate how changes in the behavior of employees in schools and daycare centers are related to the results observed in young people, such as objectively measured physical activity (Salazar et al., 2022).
Future research on the influence of parents on children's food choices in restaurants should test whether the interviewees' opinions apply more broadly and investigate possible interventions (Anzman-Frasca et al., 2017).
It is important to conduct research that focuses on the dining environment and TV watching habits during meals, especially in families with lower socioeconomic status, to guide future nutrition promotion initiatives in Australia (Litterbach et al., 2017).
Research is needed to measure the influence of parents on sustainable education and the promotion of their children's physical activity (Langley et al., 2021).
Studies on young people's food purchasing habits should explore changes in the frequency, quantity and types of food they buy (Jónsson & Macdonald, 2021) With so many research possibilities, science still has a long way to go to identify possible innovations and strategies for encouraging food and sustainable education.
In the theme of research, many practices of healthy eating and of reducing the environmental impact can be analyzed during the studies of the articles, since the field is wide and challenging.Schools, parents and companies can become aware of the difficulties, the problems encountered and even the solutions proposed by the authors to provide better actions to encourage healthy eating.

CONCLUSION
Parents' snacks for children to take to school, because of their practicality and ease of access, often contain high levels of sodium and fat, contributing to an unbalanced diet and increasing consumption of non-recyclable packaging.The influence of the media and the lack of sustainable food education in families and school environments can aggravate this situation, leading to inadequate food choices and irresponsible disposal of packaging.
It is essential that food and sustainable education should start at an early age, both in the family environment and in schools.Parents play a key role in creating healthy habits and raising awareness about the importance of eating healthy foods in children's physical and mental health.
In schools, it is important to offer healthy food options and to limit access to inappropriate, high-fat and high-sugar foods, for example.
Research in the area of child nutrition and sustainability is limited, and it is necessary to fill these gaps to develop more effective methods of food education, transforming the world of children and society in general.Science plays a crucial role in this process, providing evidence and solutions to meet this complex challenge.
Proper family planning, healthy habits, sustainable purchasing practices and physical activities, and reducing food waste are key to promoting a healthy life for children by providing them with knowledge about foods suitable for consumption and avoiding those that contribute to childhood obesity.
Therefore, it is crucial that all actors involved -families, schools, companies, researchers and the state -work together to promote healthy and sustainable food for children.
Only in this way can a healthier and more sustainable future be guaranteed for the next generations.
A limitation of the article lies in the presentation of results found in works written in the English language, in their majority.In particular, researches carried out in Australia, Canada and the United States of America, demanding the carrying out of a survey of similar researches in Brazil for the knowledge of the state of the art in the national territory.
As a contribution to the theme, this article brought to light the fact that there are few works that deal with the issue of child food packaging and their influence on the choice of food, presenting this topic for a future research agenda.In addition to this theme, several others may compose a future research agenda, such as: studies of interventions in the family and school environment through various strategies; studies related to the cultural, ethnic, socio-economic issues and the feeding habit of children; studies related to school management and use of technology, such as the use of applications for information of parents and children about healthy eating and choice of food for consumption at home and in schools; shopping habit in supermarkets, public policies to encourage a balanced diet in the homes and school environment, among other themes.

Eating
Habit in Childhood: A Systematic Review of The Literature ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.2 | p.1-28 | e06647 | 2024.6 sensitive topic than the reduction in food waste.Consumers do not consider packaging and reducing food waste at the time of purchase.According to the authors, the public needs to receive more information to raise awareness of waste.

Figure 1
Figure 1 Articles selected by means of systematic literature review and equation In Ordinatio (I.O.) NO AUTHORS TITLE YEA R MAGAZINE I.O.

A
wide range of studies addresses the different aspects related to child nutrition and food education, from private interventions in schools and kindergartens to the evaluation of public policies and dietary practices.It is worth remembering that methodological approaches range from small trials and observational studies to controlled trials and systematic reviews, as observed in Kater (2002), Sisson et al. (2012), Guilamón et al. (2017), Litterbach et al. (2017), MacVey et al. (2017) Pond et al. (2018), Poudevigne et al. (2019) Kaur et al. (2020) Ross et al. (2020) and Cohen et al. (2021).Anya-Garcia and Álvarez-Gallego (2018) reinforce the importance of families in shaping children's food preferences.Surrounding is fundamental in the promotion of healthy habits.The authors highlight the importance of public food policies focused on assisting the population in nutrition-related issues.The National Food Program in Chile, the policy From Cero to Siempre in Colombia, and the National School Food Program in Brazil are highlighted by the authors as examples of public policies that contribute to feeding families with nutritious food.
The number of publications by periodicals is small for the theme under discussion.The journal Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior published four papers on the following topics:1.Perceived social support from friends and parents for food behavior and quality of diet among low-income, urban and minority youth; 2. Changes in diet quality in young people living in South Carolina from fifth to 11th grade; 3. Healthier children's meals in restaurants: inform approaches that are acceptable among stakeholders and 4. Adherence to the Law on Post-Healthy and Hunger-Free Children to Select Standards of School Nutrition by Region and Poverty Level: The Study of Healthy Communities.
Structuring process evaluation to forecast use and sustainability of an intervention: theory and data from the efficacy trial for lunch is in the bag.
Post-Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act Adherence to Select School Nutrition Standards by Region and Poverty Level: The Healthy Communities Study Effect of a Grocery Store Intervention on Sales of Nutritious Foods to Youth and Their Families 2012 Journal Of The Academy Of Nutrition And Dietetics 56 11 Jarrott, S.E.et al.An mHealth Intervention to Reduce the Packing of Discretionary Foods in Children's Lunch Boxes in Early Childhood Education and Care Services: Cluster Randomized NO AUTHORS TITLE YEA R MAGAZINE I.O.Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research 19 Pond et al.Cluster randomized controlled trial of an m-health intervention in center-based childcare services to reduce the packing of discretionary foods in children's lunchboxes: study protocol for the'SWAP IT Childcare'trial From theory to action: Explaining the process of knowledge attitudes and practices regarding the use and disposal of plastic among school children.Burrows `Kiwi kids are Weet-Bix (TM) kids'-body matters in childhood 2010 Sport Education And Society 64 Eating Habit in Childhood: A Systematic Review of The Literature ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.2 | p.1-28 | e06647 | 2024.Parent packs, child eats: Surprising results of Lunch is in the Bag's efficacy trial 2018 Appetite Eating Habit in Childhood: A Systematic Review of The Literature ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.2 | p.1-28 | e06647 | 2024.According to figure 01, many authors researched the topic of healthy eating in children's audiences, with the oldest magazine having its publication in 2007, gaining notoriety only in 2017 with a new publication.Only 128 articles were found that contributed to the research in this period, and 30 articles were selected and classified by the InOrdinatio method.