A UNIQUE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDONESIA AND THE HOLY SEE ON INTERFAITH COOPERATION

Objective: This study aims to determine the results of the functionalization of the 1929 Lateran Treaty and Law Number 37 of 1999 concerning Foreign Relations in fostering relations between the Holy See and Indonesia on interfaith dialogue cooperation. Method: The three levels of analysis used in this study are individuals, organizations, and nation-states. The researcher switched between different levels of analysis and, depending on the situation, decided to emphasize one level over another. Research Findings and Discussion: The diplomatic ties between Indonesia and the Vatican support their shared efforts to uphold religious freedom, particularly in Indonesia. To promote peace in living in a pluralistic society, this religious harmony involves religious understanding that respects the diversity of religions. Research Implications: Indonesia's constitution protects religious freedom. Just that the demand for a certain number of resident signatures and the occurrence of numerous acts of intolerance in various places make the elaboration in legislative restrictions incompatible with the Constitution. Tolerance-related diplomacy between Indonesia and the Vatican is a calculated move on the global stage. Similar this, grassroots initiatives to promote tolerance such as tolerance villages, interfaith events, and religious discussion are strategic measures. Originality/value: To achieve the friendly and tolerant Indonesia envisioned in the Constitution and desired by the Indonesian people, the strategic actions must be combined and further developed. The Indonesian government and its citizens are very concerned about the problem of ensuring religious freedom.


INTRODUCTION
On several occasions in Indonesia, there have been acts of intolerance and violence based on religion.Actions that disrupt tolerance took the form of a terrorist attack on a church in Surabaya, a ban on worship in Riau, and difficulties establishing places of worship in several areas.On the other hand, several efforts have been made to create tolerance that already exists in Indonesia.These efforts occurred at the international, national, and local levels.The relevant 3 activities of the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia at the Vatican included the Interfaith Dialogue of Indonesian Diaspora in Europe from 22 countries on July 1, 2018.This is one example of the role of the Indonesian Embassy in the Vatican in efforts to develop guarantees for freedom of religion.Amid this inter-religious dialogue effort and in Indonesia itself there are some tolerant villages or villages, it is undeniable that some incidents of intolerance and acts of religion-based violence have emerged.This research aims to examine the diplomatic relations between Indonesia and the Vatican concerning the efforts of these two countries in creating guarantees of freedom of religion, especially in Indonesia.The issue of guaranteeing freedom of religion is of great concern to the Indonesian government and its people.
Meanwhile, based on Article 1 Point 1 of Act Number 37 of 1999, Foreign Relations encompasses any regional or international activities conducted by the Indonesian Government at both the central and regional levels, as well as its various institution, state agencies, business The purpose of this research is to ascertain how the functionalization of the Lateran Treaty of 1929 and Law No. 37 of 1999 on Foreign Relations improved interfaith dialogue cooperation between Indonesia and the Holy See.

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
The word "legation" means "a group of officials who represent their government in a foreign country".The term "the right of Legation" can be translated as the right of representation (of the state), which means that the state can send its diplomatic envoys to other countries and 4 vice versa the country can receive diplomatic envoys from other countries.The right of a state to send its diplomatic envoys to other countries is referred to as the active right of legation, while the right of a state to receive diplomatic envoys from other countries is referred to as the passive right of legation (Farias, 2021).Based on the Act on Foreign Relations Article 11 paragraph (1) of Act Number 37 of 1999 to develop foreign relations, cultural institutions, friendship institutions, promotional agencies, and other Indonesian institutions or agencies can be established abroad.
In the context of tolerance relations between religious communities, Muslims are also not entirely based on the contents of the holy book but more based on what the ustadz and kyai.
Religious tolerance is the willingness and ability to acknowledge respect for adherents of other religions and to be able to accept living together in peace and harmony, helping each other, and working together (Thohir, 2021, Rohidin, 2023).
According to Paragraph 4 of Gaudium et Spes, it is emphasized that institutions, whether they are private or public, should aim to promote human dignity and aspirations.Additionally, they should persistently oppose any form of social or political oppression, and prioritize the protection of human rights regardless of the governing authority.Even such if there are times when it takes a long time to reach their intended goal (Herskowitz, 2021).Furthermore, the term "prophetic approach" is very interesting (Purnomo et al., 2024).
Both in activities and relations between religious groups, this approach needs to be developed.This means that prophetic values that contain the value of the common good need to be increasingly introduced and implemented in everyday life.Furthermore, political principles consisting of justice, religious freedom, and the protection of human rights, need to be realized (Fazlurrahman, 2024).These principles are not only to be applied domestically, but are important to disseminate and put into practice in relations between nations and states.

METHOD
In this research all possible levels of analysis consist of five levels, is used, namely individuals, groups, nation-states, groups of countries in a regional and global system, including tolerance villages and religious institutions.In his study, the researcher moved from one level of analysis to another and will choose to emphasize one level of analysis and not another according to needs.Interviews were conducted with selected figures from government, religious organizations, and community organizations.Researchers actively attend selected religious dialogues, interfaith and cultural activities.In this study, legal instruments used by each party to carry out diplomatic relations are used.For Indonesia, Act Number 37 of 1999 concerning Foreign Relations was used, while for the Vatican, it was the Lateran Treaty of 1929.The Holy See is a separate entity that is a subject of international law.The Holy See itself is domiciled in the Vatican State.As a sui generis subject of international law, the Holy See is unique in carrying out its diplomatic activities.The uniqueness lies in the duties of diplomats who carry out church duties in diplomacy.Therefore, the Holy See's diplomacy places more emphasis on activities in the fields of humanity, education, solidarity between nations, society, ethics, and morals.The Holy See's status as an observer, not a member, in international organizations guarantees its neutral position in international politics.Normatively based on Article 24 of the Lateran Treaty, the Vatican has a neutral status in the international community.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Here it says the following: Regarding its sovereignty in international affairs, the Holy See affirms that it will continue to stay impartial and detached from any conflicts between nations.
It will not participate in international conferences called to resolve such disputes unless both parties involved request its involvement as a peacemaker.Nevertheless, the Holy See maintains the right to exert its moral and spiritual influence.As a result, the Vatican City is to be regarded as neutral and inviolable at all times.This means that the Vatican is a neutral territory because the Holy See has promised in the Lateran Treaty that the Holy See remains out of disputes between countries and will not take part in international congresses aimed at settling these disputes.
There are three types of membership in international organizations, namely full members, affiliate members, and partial members.Full members are members who have the right to participate in all activities of international organizations with full rights.Affiliate members are members whose rights are limited.Affiliated members are permitted to participate in the voting rights of the principal organs.Meanwhile, section members are members who may participate in only a few activities.The Vatican State is not included in the three types of membership in the United Nations (UN).In this international organization, the Vatican serves as an observer.

DISCUSSIONS
Religious Harmony is a religious understanding that respects the diversity of religions to create harmony in a pluralistic society.In Indonesia itself, the people embrace different religions, so this is a form of pluralism.This proposal examines religious harmony and freedom 7 of religion from an Islamic perspective and the perspective of the Church.Factually, other religions besides Islam are recognized, known, and recognized for the existence of religious plurality in human life in this world.From the perspective of inter-religious relations, Islam recognizes and even believes in the existence and truth of some of the previous teachings (Helmy, 2021, Bagir, 2023), from the Prophet Adam to the Prophet Isa and the teachings of the Prophets who were not included in the popular 25 Prophets.
The attitude of mutual respect and tolerance, even in the matter of carrying out worship rituals, has been carried out by the Prophet since the presence of Islam.From an Islamic perspective, Islamic law has prohibited coercion in religion because this is inconsistent with the method of persuasion shown by the Qur'an in spreading Islam.For this reason, Islam expresses this problem in very clear and firm expressions as the word of Allah SWT in the letter al-Baqarah verse 256 which means: "There is no compulsion whatsoever in embracing religion the right path is clear from the wrong path."Whoever wishes, will uphold Islamic monotheism.
Whereas the Bible teaches that "He who does not love does not know God" (1 John 4: states that lla individuals possess an inherently moral essence and are created in the likeness of a divine being, resulting in a shared essence and origin.They were all redeemed by Christ, and share the same divine calling and purpose.Thus, it must increasingly be recognized the basic similarities between all people.Further, in Paragraph 2, it is stated that indeed due to the various physical abilities as well as the diversity of intellectual and moral strengths not everyone can be equated.World must eliminate and overcome any type of discrimination in human rights, whether it is rooted in social or cultural factors such as gender, ethnicity, skin color, societal status, language, or religion.This is crucial because such discrimination goes against the intentions of God.Referring to Article 1 Point 2 of the Act on Foreign Relations, Indonesia carries out its Foreign Policy in the form of policies, attitudes, and steps taken by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia in conducting relations with other countries, international organizations, and other international legal subjects to deal with problems internationally to achieve national goals.Regarding relations with the Vatican, Indonesia's policies and attitudes were carried out, among others, through various promotional activities regarding Indonesia to the Italian public, through the Vatican.This is following the job description described in the mission of the Indonesian Ambassador to the Vatican.The purpose of these promotional activities is to introduce Indonesia to the Italian public.The main focus of each promotional activity is pluralism and inter-religious harmony.Through these activities, the Indonesian Embassy in the Vatican intends to introduce Indonesia as a plural country from various aspects, both religion, ethnicity, arts, and culture but able to live side by side with one another.Indonesian pluralism has been successfully united by common values or principles that are recognized nationally, namely Pancasila.In the context of Indonesian culture, pluralism is supported by the concepts of tolerance, tolerance, and tolerance among religious communities.

Based on
Regarding relations between religious adherents, we can say that the Indonesian Embassy in the Vatican has the main task of establishing cooperation with the Vatican Holy See on the issue of dialogue between religions and civilizations.As is known, the Vatican is known as the place where the Pope, the highest leader of the world's Catholics is located.As a country with the largest Muslim population in the world, Indonesia also has an interest in establishing good relations with the Vatican, especially to achieve the common goal of creating world harmony and peace.The interesting thing is that the Vatican has a high official in charge of dialogue between Catholics and Muslims, Father Markus Solo Kewuta, SVD who is an Indonesian priest.
The Indonesian Embassy in the Vatican often seeks formal cooperation with the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue, but the main obstacle faced is that the Vatican ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.2 | p.1-12 | e06552 | 2024.
entities, political organizations, community organization, non-governmental organizations, and individual citizens.At the G to-G, level the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia to the Vatican carries out the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia to the Vatican to carry out the negotiating function, namely negotiation which in this context is interpreted as an effort to negotiate Indonesia's interests with related parties in the Vatican and not in the context of drafting a formal agreement between Indonesia and the Vatican.This is because Indonesia and the Vatican do not have a written agreement with the Vatican.To find out the Vatican's diplomatic relations based on the Lateran Treaty, Articles 12 and 19 of the Lateran Treaty will be presented and discussed.Article 12 states, among other things, that Italy acknowledges and respects the Holy See's right to send and receive diplomatic representatives, both actively and passively, under the established principles of international law."Italy recognizes the right of Legation to the Holy See, active and passive, according to the general rules of International Law [...].
of the Lateran Treaty, it can be seen that Italy recognizes the right of representation of the Holy See, both active and passive, based on the general provisions of International Law.This clause implies that envoys have the right to diplomatic immunity.Therefore, the provisions of Article 12 are continued by the following clauses.The diplomats representing foreign governments at the Vatican will retain all the privileges and immunities granted to diplomatic agents under International Law within the Kingdom.Moreover, their residences may still be situated within Italian territory and be safeguarded by the immunities prescribed by International Law, regardless of whether their respective countries have diplomatic relations with Italy.Under this provision envoys of foreign Governments sent to the Holy See may enjoy the right of diplomatic immunity within Italian territory (in Article 12 the term the Kingdom), even if the country sending the envoy has no relations with Italy.This is under provisions in customary international law that diplomatic envoys can enjoy the right of immunity in the territory of third countries.Furthermore, Article 12 also states, among other things, that the parties involved commit to establishing regular diplomatic relations among themselves.This clause only confirms that the Contracting Parties to the Lateran Treaty (Italy and the Holy See) open diplomatic relations between them.Thus this clause in Article 12 implicitly also contains provisions regarding the agreement between Italy and the Holy See to send diplomatic missions to each other.Furthermore, Article 19 it is stated that The diplomats and envoys from the Holy See, as well as diplomats and envoys from foreign governments recognized by the Holy See, are allowed to travel freely across Italian territory to reach the mentioned city without any official procedures.The same privilege extends to the aforementioned individuals, who possess valid Pontifical passports and wish to travel abroad from the Vatican City.This provision mandates the position of Italy as a third country that can be used as a transit country for the journey of diplomats and envoys, both foreign diplomats who travel on diplomatic duty to the Holy See to cross Italian territory, as well as diplomats and envoys ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.2 | p.1-12 | e06552 | 2024.6 holding Papal Passports crossing Italy on their way diplomatic service abroad.From the studies above, it can be seen that the Lateran Treaty applies to the Vatican, including its diplomatic relations.Below is discussed the influence of the Lateran Treaty on Vatican diplomacy.
8).The teachings in the Bible were then reinterpreted through the Second Vatican Council, which among other things was contained in Nostra Aetate and Gaudium et Spes.In its Statement on the Church's Relation to Non-Christian Religions (Nostra Aetate), the church condemns any discrimination between people or persecution based on ancestry or color, conditions of life or religion, as contrary to the spirit of Christ.The Catholic Church has also emphasized its views on the issue of religious harmony and freedom of religion through Gaudium et Spes, namely the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in Today's World.Article 29 Gaudium et Spes Paragraph 1 Indonesian perspective, according to Article 12 (1) of Act Number 37 of 1999 of Act Number 37 of 1999 to develop foreign relations, friendly institutions, cultural institutions, and other foreign cooperation institutions or bodies can also be established in Indonesia.To carry out the mandate of the provisions of Articles 11 and 12, the forms of negotiations that A Unique Relationship Between Indonesia and the Holy See on Interfaith Cooperation ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest.Soc.Ambient.| Miami | v.18.n.2 | p.1-12 | e06552 | 2024.8 were carried out included when the Indonesian Embassy in the Vatican facilitated cooperation (G-to-G) between the Indonesian Ministry of Tourism and the Vatican Museums in building the Borobudur Garden, Restoration of Indonesian art and cultural artifacts which owned by the Ethnological Section (Vatican Museum), and the Spice Garden Development.The Indonesian Embassy in the Vatican always plays a role in discussing with the relevant authorities in the Vatican regarding plans and targets for the promotion of the Indonesian Ministry of Tourism through these collaborative projects.